Recently appointed Governor of Nepal Rastra Bank, Biswo Poudel, has raised concerns over the concentration of bank and financial institution loans among a limited group of individuals and business households. Speaking during a discussion on the Bank and Financial Institutions (First Amendment) Bill in the Finance Committee, Governor Poudel emphasized the growing debate around the unequal distribution of banking loans and the need to clearly separate the roles of bankers and businesspersons.
A key concern is that a significant share of financial sector loans is directed toward high-income individuals and households, while low-income groups and rural communities remain largely underserved. This disparity has reignited calls to reform the banking structure, including proposals to limit the overlap between those who run banks and those who borrow from them.
Although the number of banks and financial institutions in Nepal has decreased—largely due to the central bank’s push for mergers and acquisitions since 2010—branch expansion has continued nationwide, increasing visibility at the local level. This expansion has intensified competition in the banking sector, often with a strong focus on profit.
On the surface, banks appear to be serving various segments of society. However, credit access remains skewed, with banks primarily extending loans to urban elites, established industrialists, and salaried employees—while collecting deposits from rural areas. Governor Poudel publicly stated this disparity, noting that banks are not providing adequate financial support to farmers, low-income earners, and those lacking formal documentation.
The consolidation of banks through mergers has enabled them to set interest rates at their discretion, which in some cases has led to unhealthy competition or even informal agreements that exclude weaker borrowers. While banks continue to report ample liquidity, reluctance to lend—especially to small and medium enterprises (SMEs)—is contributing to economic stagnation and job loss. Many such businesses, key drivers of employment and production, are struggling to access credit.
This lending imbalance has also contributed to a rise in non-performing loans. Currently, bad loans account for around five percent of total bank lending. The inability of the lower economic class to access institutional credit has pushed many into the hands of informal lenders charging high interest rates, commonly referred to as ‘meter interest’. This, observers argue, is a result of institutional failure to provide inclusive financial services.
Nepal has long been recognized as one of South Asia’s most unequal economies. Over the past four decades—alongside the growth of financial institutions—economic inequality has widened. While banks have helped the wealthy manage and grow their assets, they have done little to address the financial needs of the poor. Critics argue that those with control over banks are often selected from elite business circles, giving preferential treatment to their close associates when it comes to loan disbursement.
In this context, the proposed amendment to the Bill—to separate the roles of bankers and businesspersons—has gained renewed attention. Although discussions have stalled in the past, Governor Poudel’s recent remarks have brought the issue back into focus.
According to data from Nepal Rastra Bank, the total number of deposit accounts in banks and financial institutions has reached over 511,000—exceeding the population. However, this figure does not indicate universal financial access, as many individuals hold multiple accounts. Significantly, only about four percent of account holders have access to credit, while the remaining 96 percent do not, often due to a lack of collateral or financial literacy.
Governor Poudel’s comments underscore the need for more equitable access to financial resources, particularly for those who contribute through remittances or small rural deposits but remain excluded from formal credit. While some bankers have generated substantial profits, returns for shareholders remain modest, prompting questions about wealth distribution within the sector.
Ultimately, the broader concern is that economic development and poverty reduction will remain out of reach unless financial access is expanded equitably. Past assumptions—such as increased bank branches equating to increased financial inclusion—are misleading. What matters more is who controls capital and who benefits from credit distribution. Most banks are overseen by businesspersons, and those within their networks often enjoy easier access to loans.
