The term “diplomacy” comes from ancient Greek, where it was used as a verb (diplo¯o) to designate double folding (diploun) and as a noun (diploma) to denote official documents that were folded and gave the bearer a specific set of rights. Originally, diplomas functioned as something resembling modern passports, but gradually, through the medieval era, the term was used about any sort of document granting privileges. However, the concept expanded to cover not only the total body of treaties, but also the total body of those engaged in negotiating such treaties, is unclear.
Diplomacy is understood as an art and practice of managing international relations through negotiations, dialogue, and cooperation. The United Nations often understood that diplomacy is a mechanism to prevent conflict, resolve conflicts, resolve disputes, and promote peace and friendly relationships among sovereign nations. In 1815, the Congress of Vienna, Austria, formalized the diplomatic ranks and the Concert of Europe. Later, in 1961, the first major international convention, the “Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations,” happened, which codified the rules of diplomacy on a global scale.
Since then, with the globalization and fast-paced world, the dimensions of Diplomacy have been changing. What are the challenges that diplomats are facing in the 21st century? After visiting over 15 diplomatic institutions and international organizations in Europe, including the European Commission, the US mission to the EU, the International Criminal Court (ICC), the International Court of Justice (ICJ), Kosovo Specialist Chambers, etc and talking with diplomats across Europe this month. In this piece, I am jotting down what I have learned from them.
From backroom to people-centered diplomacy
Traditionally, diplomacy is often regarded as an activity of closed doors which is dominated by elite negotiations among state representatives. In contrast, modern diplomacy emphasizes engagement with people. Public opinion, civil society, and grassroots actors now play a significant role in shaping international relations.
In an increasingly multipolar world, where diverse political systems and cultural values coexist, diplomats must communicate not only with governments but also with the broader public. This requires empathy, cultural sensitivity, and the ability to build trust across societies. For example, public diplomacy initiatives such as cultural exchanges, educational programs, and international broadcasting (e.g., BBC World Service or Voice of America) aim to foster mutual understanding and influence global perceptions.
People-centered diplomacy has also been critical in crisis situations. During the Covid-19 pandemic, governments relied heavily on transparent communication to maintain public trust and coordinate international responses, highlighting that diplomacy now operates as much in the public sphere as it does in private negotiations.
The rise of digital diplomacy
As Tom Fletcher argues in his book The Naked Diplomat (2016), the digital age has transformed how diplomats engage with global audiences. Social media platforms have become essential tools for communication, outreach, and influence.
A striking example is Hiroshi Suzuki, whose creative and personable use of social media has made him a viral cultural bridge between Japan and the United Kingdom. On St David’s Day, he posted a video on X of himself quietly eating a Welsh cake, accompanied by a cup of tea in a mug adorned with a red dragon, while also showcasing origami daffodils that symbolized a blending of Japanese and Welsh cultures. The post went viral, capturing widespread attention and admiration. His approach reflects a broader shift in diplomacy, where effective communication extends beyond policy messaging to include empathy, visibility, and genuine human connection through digital platforms.
During the Russia-Ukraine war, Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy has strategically used social media to appeal for international support. This reflects a broader trend of political figures relying on digital platforms to shape public opinion and influence global narratives during crises.
Expansion of diplomatic actors
Modern diplomacy is no longer the exclusive domain of states. The rise of “polilateralism” reflects a growing involvement of non-state actors such as NGOs, multinational corporations, and technology companies in global governance.
Organizations like Greenpeace influence environmental negotiations, while corporations such as Google and Microsoft play critical roles in areas like cybersecurity, digital governance, and artificial intelligence policy. These actors often possess resources and expertise that rival those of states, making them indispensable partners in addressing global challenges.
This shift complicates diplomacy but also makes it more inclusive, requiring diplomats to engage with a broader network of stakeholders.
Facilitators and network managers
In this complex landscape, diplomats are increasingly acting as facilitators rather than traditional negotiators. Their role now involves coordinating among multiple actors such as states, international organizations, private sector entities, and civil society.
For instance, climate diplomacy under frameworks like the Paris Agreement requires diplomats to bridge interests among governments, scientists, activists, and businesses. The success of the Paris Agreement on Climate Change (2015) depended heavily on negotiators’ ability to reconcile the differing priorities of developed and developing countries.
Need for quick diplomacy
The pace of global events has accelerated dramatically, driven by technological advancement and real-time information flows. Crises such as geopolitical conflicts, financial shocks, and pandemics require immediate diplomatic responses.
For example, during the Russia-Ukraine war, diplomatic decisions regarding sanctions, humanitarian aid, and security alliances were made rapidly, often under intense global scrutiny. This “quick diplomacy” places pressure on diplomats to act decisively while balancing strategic interests and long-term consequences.
Diplomacy in the 21st century is no longer confined to formal negotiations between states. It is dynamic, multidimensional, and deeply interconnected with society, technology, and global networks. From people-centered engagement and digital diplomacy to the rise of polilateralism and rapid decision-making, the evolving nature of diplomacy demands adaptability, creativity, and strong communication skills.
Ultimately, modern diplomats must not only represent their states but also connect with people, navigate complex global systems, and respond swiftly to an ever-changing world.
The author is a graduate student of Global Affairs (Governance and Policy) at the University of Notre Dame, USA. He is also a recipient of the Diplomacy Fellowship 2026 by Nanovic Institute for European Studies
