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Indian Union Minister for Environment, Forest and Climate Change Bhupender Yadav has emphasized India's unwavering commitment to global climate action and the need for collaborative efforts to safeguard the Himalayas and other mountain ecosystems. He expressed India’s dedication to addressing the global climate crisis. He noted, “It is a profound honour to represent India at this historic gathering. The name Sagarmatha, meaning ‘Head of the Sky,’ aptly encapsulates the majesty and the responsibility we bear in protecting the mountains that form the lifeblood of our planet.”

Yadav appreciated Nepal for hosting the Sambaad and stated that India, with its vast Himalayan region, shares a common ecological and cultural bond with its mountain neighbours. He stressed that South Asia accounts for only 4 percent of historical global CO₂ emissions, despite being home to nearly 25 percent of the global population. The Minister emphasized that the burden of the climate crisis continues to fall disproportionately on developing nations, while developed countries remain far from fulfilling their commitments to climate finance, technology transfer, and capacity building.

Yadav further emphasized the immense biodiversity value of high-altitude ecosystems like the India and Nepal region. He stressed on the need for enhanced transboundary conservation efforts, calling on all Himalayan nations to collaborate under the International Big Cats Alliance to support joint protection initiatives for species such as snow leopards, tigers, and leopards. “The Alliance aims to foster conservation expertise, fund critical initiatives, and create a knowledge repository for the protection of these iconic species”, he stated.

The Minister also outlined a five-point call for global action to address the shared ecological challenges of mountainous regions.

• Enhanced Scientific Cooperation: Strengthening research collaboration, and monitoring cryospheric changes, hydrological cycles, and biodiversity.

• Building Climate Resilience: Investing in climate adaptation measures, early warning systems for disasters like Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs), and climate-resilient infrastructure in mountain areas.

• Empowerering Mountain Communities: Ensuring that the welfare, needs and aspirations of local communities are at the heart of policy-making and their benefit from green livelihoods and sustainable tourism. Their traditional knowledge is an invaluable resource.

• Providing Green Finance: Making available adequate and predictable climate finance as per the UNFCCC and its Paris Agreement for mountain Nations to implement adaptation and mitigation strategies effectively.

• Recognizing Mountain Perspectives: Ensuring that the unique vulnerabilities and contributions of mountain ecosystems are suitably featured in global climate negotiations and sustainable development agendas.

On the sidelines of the Sagarmatha Sambaad 2025, Minister of Environment, Forest and Climate Change met with Minister for Foreign Affairs of Nepal, Dr. Arzu Rana Deuba, where the two leaders engaged in a productive discussion on strengthening India-Nepal cooperation in the field of environment. He also called on the Prime Minister Mr. K.P. Sharma Oli. He conveyed to him greetings from the leadership in India and congratulated him for successfully organizing the first edition of Sagarmatha Sambaad. Both leaders noted the close and friendly relations between India and Nepal which are deeply rooted in historical, cultural, civilizational and people-to-people ties.

Preparations for the first-ever Sagarmatha Sambaad, set to take place in Kathmandu from May 16–18, are in their final stages.

The organizers have confirmed that all logistical and technical arrangements meet international standards to ensure the event’s success. Hosted by the Government of Nepal at the Soaltee Hotel, the dialogue will focus on the theme “Climate Change, Mountains, and the Future of Humanity.”

The high-level forum aims to address urgent global environmental challenges, particularly climate change and its disproportionate impact on mountain ecosystems and vulnerable communities. The event, which will be held biennially from now on, will convene 140 foreign delegates from 40 countries, including ministers, senior government officials, diplomats, donor agency representatives, climate experts, environmentalists, and development leaders. Together, they will seek regional and international cooperation for a unified response to the climate crisis.

According to Sambaad Secretariat Deputy Speaker of China Xiao Jie is confirmed as a chief guest of the program.

He is vice chairman of the standing committee of the 14th  National People’s Congress. Other high-level guests of the programs are Bhupender Yadav, Minister of Environment, Forest and Climate Change of India, and Mukhtar Babayev, COP29 Presidency, Minister of Ecology and Natural Resources of Azerbaijan.

Local stakeholders of Pokhara held a discussion on raising collective voices to save the Himalayas of Gandaki region.

Organizing a dialogue on “The Voice of Himalaya Parbat” at Tuse Village of Machhapuchhre Rural Municipality-1 on Saturday, they said that climate change has directly and indirectly affected different sectors  in the Gandaki region.

They published a 11-point declaration to unite for climate justice in the Gandaki region.

''Gandaki region is more at risk of climate change impacts,” Minister for Forest and Environment of Gandaki Province Besh Bahadur Poudel said, highlighting the urgent need for effective climate action.  

The Save Our Himalaya First (SOHF) Nepal in collaboration with Gandaki Province Forest Ministry, Province Policy and Planning Commission, Gandaki University, INSEC, NGO Federation Nepal Gandaki, Pokhara Metropolitan City Office, Rural Municipalities of Kaski, Mukta Foundation and Utpidit Mahila Jagaran Kendra among others organized the event.

Around 200 local villagers took part in the event, urging authorities to compensate the people of Kharapani area affected by the floods in Seti river in 2015,   

''It is most painful to recall that incident in which 72 people lost their lives and around half dozen people went missing,” Machhapuchhre Municipality Vice Chair Sita Adhikari said.

Various issues like flash flood hazard in Himalayan region, climate change, women and tourism, climate change and human rights and climate and biodiversity in the Gandaki region were discussed in the program.

Dr Krishna KC, Geographer Khagendra Raj Poudel, tourism entrepreneur Lucky Chhetri Karki, NHRC Gandaki Chief Nitu Gadtaula and Director of LIBIRD Bharat Bhandari aired their views on the issues.

Local people thanked the organizers and stakeholders for holding such an important program in Tuse Village, expressing commitment to keep the environment always safe and sound.

Gandaki Province Policy and Planning Commission Vice Chair Krishna Chandra Devkota, Gandaki Province Assembly members- Govinda Nepali, Nanda Prasad Neupane, Kusum Budha Pun—Prof Dr Kapil Adhikari, Pokhara Metropolitan City Office spokesperson Moti Raj Timilsina, SOHF Nepal Chair DB Nepali and INSEC Pokhara Chief Shiva Khakurel committed to take urgent action to combat climate change in Gandaki region.

A severe sandstorm has swept through central and southern Iraq, blanketing cities in an orange haze and forcing the closure of airports as health facilities reported an alarming increase in respiratory issues.

This storm, the largest of the year, reduced visibility to less than one kilometer in various areas, Reuters reported.

Hospitals have been overwhelmed, with Muthanna province alone reporting approximately 700 cases of suffocation, as confirmed by health official Mazen Al Egeili. In nearby Najaf province, at least 250 individuals were hospitalized due to breathing difficulties, while Diwaniyah province treated around 322 patients, including children.

Additionally, more than 530 residents in Dhi Qar and Basra provinces sought medical assistance for respiratory problems.

In light of the hazardous conditions, airport operations in Najaf and Basra were temporarily halted, according to Reuters.

This latest sandstorm highlights Iraq's vulnerability to such climate events, as research by the United Nations identifies the country as one of the five most affected by climate change.

President Ram Chandra Paudel has said that countries like Nepal have no role in climate change, stressing that the issue of climate justice should be raised in every international forum. 

The Head of State said this while inaugurating the 11 Nepal Geological Congress organized by the Nepal Geological Society here today. He said the topic of climate change should be taken to the international community.

According to the President, it is necessary to raise the issue of climate justice vociferously in the context of developing and least developed countries like Nepal that have no role at all in bringing about climate change also being affected due to the rampant industrialization, exploitation of fossil fuels and carbon emission by the developed world. 

Stating that the importance of the Congress has been enhanced by burning issues like the urgent need of minimizing the impact of climate change and natural disasters and their minimization, President Paudel stressed on cooperation and collaboration for addressing these types of issues directly concerned with the life of people.

Stating that there has been an unusual increase in global warming, he expressed concern over rapid melting of snow turning most of the mountains bare and the huge loss of life and property from excessive rainfall, landslide and soil erosion every year since the last three decades.

The President further said earthquakes occurring in mountain areas time and again has become a problem in development construction of Nepal, expressing that though some natural disaster could be predicted, the problem has surfaced due to inability to invent a mechanism that could predict earthquakes.

He expressed the belief that there would be discussion about the status of Nepal's mines and mineral products, the state of exploration, climate change and its impact and use of geology in physical infrastructure development. 

President Paudel shared that the Congress would be useful to attract investors for exploration, utilization and market management of natural resources.  "The congress organized on the eve of one decade of the Gorkha earthquake, has special importance. I wish for the success of this congress," he mentioned.

Case I

Bhago Devi Sadaya, 40, is one of the many women in Jhutki village, Lahan Municipality-24, Siraha, whose life revolves around the daily struggle of fetching water. In her village of 33 households, there is only one hand pump, which often dries up during the summer months. “The extreme heat in recent years has made the hand pump unusable, forcing us to walk up to two hours to find water,” she explains.

As members of the Dalit community, Bhago Devi and her neighbors are barred from using hand pumps in nearby villages. This systemic discrimination leaves them with no choice but to rely on distant rivers or hand pumps in other Dalit villages.

Previously, two ponds near Jhutki served as vital resources for the community, providing water for cattle, gardening, washing clothes, and cleaning utensils. However, a few years ago, the municipality filled one pond to build a local market and drained the other to construct a temple in its center. “Now, we have to fetch water not just for drinking but for all our daily needs,” Bhago Devi told ApEx.

“Women in my community have been walking at least four hours a day, often in two shifts, to fetch water since they were 10 years old,” she adds. The physical toll of this labor has led to menstrual health issues for many women. “The time spent fetching water leaves us with little opportunity to earn a living through other work,” she says.

The loss of the ponds has also deprived the community of their fishing livelihood, further exacerbating their economic struggles.

Case II

In Sisawani village, part of Lahan Municipality-22, the Sadaya community faces similar challenges. The village once had two ponds, but one was filled by the municipality to construct a road, and the other was handed over to the private sector. Now, villagers must pay Rs 100 per kilogram of fish they catch.

Despite these setbacks, the community has shown resilience by initiating collective efforts like community farming and establishing a savings fund. “We don’t face major issues with drinking water since we have a hand pump and a well, but irrigation for farming remains a challenge,” says Cheti Sadaya, 34. “Using the hand pump or well for irrigation dries them up quickly, and changing rainfall patterns make rainwater unreliable,” she explains.

A decade ago, monsoon rains were predictable and timely. Now, heavy rainfall often occurs during harvest time, damaging crops. “The municipality hasn’t provided any support for irrigation, so we struggle to manage,” Cheti says. “Our fishing livelihood is also gone.”

Case III

Aahale, in Dhangadhimai Municipality-12, Siraha, is home to 35 households from the Sadaya community. Despite being in the Tarai region, Aahale’s hilly terrain makes hand pumps impractical. Villagers rely on an electric submersible pump for water, but frequent breakdowns and costly repairs leave them without access for months.

“When the pump breaks down, it takes about six months to collect enough funds for repairs. During that time, we walk an hour to the nearest river to fetch water,” says Ganauri Sadaya, 47. “Relying on river water has led to frequent waterborne diseases in the village.”

A nearby community forest offers some relief, but access is restricted to Saturdays, and villagers must pay Rs 10 for entry. “We’re only allowed to carry as much firewood as we can in one trip, even though there’s plenty of dried wood that could be used or sold,” Ganauri laments.

Case IV

In Bihibare, another hilly region in Dhangadhimai-14, hand pumps are also unfeasible. Villagers store groundwater near rivers, but the sparse population means some households are an hour’s walk from the water source. “Women manage agriculture while men work abroad,” says Shova Thakuri, 34, whose husband has been in the Middle East for a decade. “We’re doing our best, but the changing climate makes it harder every year.”

A decade ago, rainfall began in April, but now it often arrives only in August or September, with heavy downpours destroying crops. “On my three bighas of land, I used to grow 2,000 kilograms of maize. Now, I’m lucky to get 200 kilograms,” says Bhakta Maya Thakuri, 65.

“Winter used to start in December and end by January, but now we face extreme heat in December and cold waves later,” she adds. “Potato plants dry up in December, and those that survive are damaged by late cold waves during harvest.”

The above cases highlight the intertwined challenges of climate change, resource degradation, and systemic inequality. Erratic rainfall and shifting weather patterns have disrupted traditional farming cycles, drastically reducing crop yields and threatening livelihoods. Women, who manage agriculture and daily survival while men seek employment abroad, bear the brunt of these changes.

The loss of public commons like ponds and forests has further exacerbated their struggles. Without reliable water infrastructure, villagers are forced to rely on rivers, increasing their vulnerability to waterborne diseases. Restrictions on forest access limit their ability to collect firewood, cutting off a vital resource.

Despite these challenges, communities are demonstrating resilience through collective efforts like community farming and savings funds. However, the lack of institutional support for irrigation and sustainable resource management underscores the need for urgent policy interventions to protect public commons and adapt to climate change.

Mahesh Prasad Chaudhary, mayor of Lahan Municipality, denies allegations that the municipality has filled ponds. He claims efforts are underway to expand remaining ponds and provide drinking water taps to every household by 2030. “We have already dug around 10 ponds and are collaborating with organizations to construct water tanks,” he says.

Shiva Shankar Mahato, mayor of Dhangadhimai Municipality, claims the Dalit communities “destroy hand pumps themselves,” shifting blame onto marginalized communities rather than addressing structural issues of inequality and inadequate infrastructure. 

The persistent struggle of Dalit communities to access clean water is a stark reminder of the need for inclusive policy-making and accountability at the local level.

Climate change demands cohesive action across governance levels. For Nepal—one of the most climate-vulnerable countries—the stakes are high. Increasing risks of floods, landslides, and droughts disproportionately affect marginalized groups, particularly women, intensifying the urgency for climate-resilient policies.

Public commons—forests, water sources, and grazing lands—are pivotal tools for climate resilience. However, these resources face growing strain from overexploitation, ineffective governance, and climate impacts. Recognizing their role in addressing climate challenges offers Nepal a sustainable path forward.

“Over the past decade or more, discussions on climate change have largely focused on emissions, but it is not the only pressing issue at hand,” says environmentalist Madhukar Upadhya. “There are many other concerns: loss of biodiversity, land and soil degradation, water shortages, declining productivity. At the heart of it all is the public commons, which is essential not only for maintaining a healthy environment but also for helping communities combat and mitigate the climate crisis.”

As the Climate Change Division falls under the Ministry of Forests and Environment, there have been strong policies and efforts regarding forests. However, there are no dedicated agencies or policies to oversee public commons. 

“Everyone benefits from public commons, but no one has taken responsibility for their protection. It has not even been able to be a part of climate dialogues,” says Upadhya.

The Local Government Operation Act 2017 establishes disaster management, environmental protection and conservation, land management, and natural resource management as joint responsibilities of the federal and provincial governments. However, the Act neglects to specifically address climate change risks and necessary adaptation interventions. Local governments, despite having environmental and disaster management units, often struggle to respond effectively to vulnerable communities—such as Dalits, indigenous groups, and women—due to limited capacity and resources.

Similarly, the Gender Equality Policy 2021 identifies cross-cutting areas to address the vulnerabilities of marginalized groups. However, sectoral policies often treat communities as homogenous entities, disregarding historical discrimination, contextual risks, and differential impacts. This approach risks isolating gender equality and social inclusion (GESI) strategies from broader development policies. While the policy acknowledges the vulnerabilities of women and marginalized groups, it does not recognize their roles as contributors and agents of change, which limits the scope of their involvement in driving climate action.

Furthermore, the National Forest Policy 2019 envisions sustainable and participatory forest management, conservation, and biodiversity protection. While it includes a sectoral GESI policy, it does not prioritize climate change issues or explicitly outline how women and socially excluded groups can benefit from initiatives like REDD+. Forest laws and policies lack a climate justice perspective to adequately protect and empower the poor, women, and marginalized groups disproportionately impacted by climate change. 

“None of our institutions are equipped to address emerging climate challenges, as they still operate under traditional policies,” says Upadhya. 

The loss of ponds has not only worsened water scarcity but also eliminated traditional fishing-based incomes, further deepening economic struggles

The recently organized Bagmati Province-Level Dialogue on ‘Localization of Climate Action: A Gender Lens on Public Commons Conservation and Justice’ in Hetauda underscored the importance of local climate actions enhanced by a gender-inclusive approach, focusing on conserving public commons and ensuring justice for all.  

During the event, a woman from indigenous community shared firsthand accounts of how climate change has impacted their lives. “Agriculture has been greatly affected due to the lack of rain during the rainy season and the continuous increase in temperature. Food production has declined, and irregularities in agriculture have made food supplies unsafe,” she explained. 

Another noted, “Whether it’s the heat or the lack of water and food, the fear of wild animals has increased. They destroy all our crops. If you defend yourself and kill an animal, you go to jail, but if a person dies, no one cares—especially for us slum dwellers, workers, landless, and marginalized groups.”

Subarna Ghimire, a local activist who is also a student of forestry, pointed out that the vulnerable communities lack information about the impacts of climate change. He stressed that  a comprehensive effort is needed to help communities understand and adapt.

Despite these systemic challenges, several local governments in Nepal have made commendable efforts to address climate risks and build resilience. Madi Municipality in Chitwan, for instance, has developed a Local Adaptation Action Plan (LAPA) that focuses on agriculture, water management, and disaster risk reduction. The municipality has implemented community-based water management projects, such as rainwater harvesting systems and the rezoning of traditional water sources, while also promoting climate-smart agricultural practices and drought-resistant crops. 

Similarly, Dhangadhi Sub-Metropolitan City has prepared a Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation (DRR-CCA) plan that integrates climate adaptation strategies with local emergency management. It has undertaken vulnerability assessments to address issues such as floods, heat waves, and water scarcity. The city has focused on promoting climate-resilient crops, training farmers in water conservation techniques, and establishing early warning systems along with flood protection infrastructure to enhance emergency preparedness. 

Meanwhile, Gorkha Municipality has integrated climate adaptation strategies into its urban development plan. It has prioritized building resilient infrastructure, including flood protection and irrigation systems, while promoting sustainable agricultural practices. The municipality has also initiated community-based forest management projects to conserve natural resources and mitigate the risk of landslides.

In Rasuwa, local governments have introduced a Climate-Smart Village Plan to address climate challenges in remote and rural areas. These initiatives emphasize community participation in building climate resilience, particularly in the agricultural sector. The district has initiated watershed management projects to conserve soil and water resources while promoting alternative livelihoods such as eco-tourism. Farmers in the region have been trained in crop diversification, soil conservation techniques, and water-saving irrigation practices, further strengthening the local economy and climate resilience.

Nepal lacks dedicated policies to protect public commons like water sources and forests, making climate adaptation harder for marginalized groups

While these efforts are promising, they reveal persistent challenges, including weak coordination among federal, provincial, and local governments, conflicting jurisdictions, and overlapping responsibilities. The lack of comprehensive data on climate risks and resource constraints further hampers evidence-based planning and implementation. Addressing these challenges requires bridging gaps in policies, empowering local governments with resources and technical capacity, and fostering better coordination across governance levels.

“Local governments are primarily focused on increasing revenue, but they are overlooking how communities are living and struggling with the consequences,” says environmentalist Upadhya. “The constitution grants local governments the authority to manage natural resources, so they should prioritize their people and take action at the ground level.” 

As local governments are responsible for formulating their own policies, he suggests that the central government provide clear guidelines to help align these policies with a climate-focused approach. To build a more inclusive and climate-resilient future, Nepal must integrate gender-sensitive approaches and leverage the potential of public commons. Recognizing vulnerable groups as active agents of change in climate action, rather than passive recipients, is essential. 

Public commons hold immense potential for building climate resilience and supporting adaptation strategies. Forests and wetlands act as carbon sinks, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, while healthy ecosystems mitigate the risks of floods, landslides, and droughts. Empowering women is essential, as they are the primary users and stewards of these resources in many rural communities. Integrating gender perspectives into climate policies can strengthen resource management and resilience efforts.

Provincial governments play a crucial role in bridging the gap between national and international commitments and local priorities. Frameworks like the Paris Agreement and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) emphasize inclusive governance, providing Nepal with a pathway to integrate public commons into its climate solutions. 

Localizing climate actions requires developing tailored climate plans and budgets that address specific local needs while incorporating gender-sensitive approaches to ensure inclusive participation. Provincial and national synergy can be enhanced by aligning provincial policies with broader frameworks and facilitating data sharing and resource allocation for coherent governance. 

“The conservation of Nepal’s public commons is more than a localized issue. It’s a critical component of global climate strategies,” says Upadhya. “By integrating commons into climate policies and prioritizing gender-sensitive approaches, Nepal can empower its communities and combat the crisis of climate change.”

Deputy Prime Minister and Finance Minister Bishnu Prasad Paudel has said the climate change and sustainability of trade are common global agenda, so they warrant collective action and address.

Inaugurating the 3rd annual conference on 'Climate Change and Sustainability of Trade in South Asia' organized jointly by the World Trade Organization and the Kathmandu University in the federal capital on Saturday, DPM Paudel reminded that Nepal is on the forefront of climate change vulnerability, resulting into adverse impacts on socio-economy and infrastructures.

Decentralization of production centres and diversification of supply chain could help reduce risk in trade infrastructures, according to him.

The DPM hoped the conference would be fruitful to whet the pressing issues of climate change in south Asia and build common perspectives among policy makers, researchers and private sector representatives so that they would take proper strategies for future.

Efforts made by Nepal despite its negligible role in climate change need to be made visible. The climate actions like mitigation and adaptation should be prioritized, he suggested.

Similarly, the Finance Minister pointed out the need for developing climate resilient infrastructures so that supply chain will not be disrupted. On the occasion, Registrar at the Kathmandu University, Dr Achyut Wagle, said the initiatives for sustainable economic development should be friendly to private sector. Just and balanced efforts in south Asia can promote trade, he said, adding that continuous actions are required to reduce impact of climate change.

In view of Joint Secretary at Ministry of Industry, Commerce and Supply, Devraj Joshi, Nepal could forward sustainable trade by addressing the problems facing trade and climate change.

Study and research in this sector would enrich policy and action plans, he believed. Representatives from nine countries including Nepal, India, Bangladesh, China, Turkey, and Indonesia attended the event.

The 29th COP (COP29), held in Baku, Azerbaijan, brought together representatives from nearly 200 countries. The event focused heavily on climate finance, earning it the nickname ‘Finance COP’.

Negotiations at COP were conducted in groups, enabling participants to share perspectives, negotiate terms, and agree on common agendas. High-level sessions allowed the heads of delegations to address the assembly, presenting their country’s positions, priorities, and demands. While these speeches help amplify nations’ voices, the heart of COP lies in the negotiations and agreements.

Experts often warn against evaluating how a specific country fared at COP, as success is typically measured collectively rather than individually.

While it is difficult to assess how Nepal, as a country, specifically fared at COP29, the conference concluded with several decisions and outcomes relevant to Nepal.

First and foremost—financing. More than 80 countries, including members of the African Group, Barbados, Least Developed Countries (LDCs), and small island states, jointly demanded the needed additional financing beyond the $1.3trn already outlined for climate action. Experts estimate that $1.3trn is needed annually. These countries proposed a roadmap to the COP29 presidency to resolve discussions around the New Collective Quantified Goal (NCQG) for climate finance. This proposed target aims to enable climate action in emerging and developing nations post-2025, replacing the outdated $100bn annual goal set during COP15 in Copenhagen over a decade ago.

However, at the last moment on the final day of COP29, the presidency unveiled the final agreement. The deal sets an annual target of mobilizing $300bn for developing countries by 2035. Additionally, it establishes a long-term goal to scale up total climate finance flows to $1.3trn per year by 2035 which is rarely going to happen because the wealthy countries failed to meet the previous goal of $100bn on time. This decision sparked outrage among climate-vulnerable nations, who criticized it as inadequate given the urgent climate challenges they face.

Even the president of COP29 Mukhtar Babayev admitted the deal was imperfect and was insufficient to meet escalating needs. 

The group of LDCs expressed outrage and deep disappointment at the outcome of COP29. In a statement, they said, “Once again, the countries most responsible for the climate crisis have failed us. We leave Baku without an ambitious climate finance goal, without concrete plans to limit global temperature rise to 1.5°C, and without the comprehensive support desperately needed for adaptation and loss and damage. This is not just a failure; it is a betrayal.”

Nepal, as a member of the LDC group, echoed this sentiment. “The voice of LDCs is also of Nepal,” noted Nepali experts and government officials.

Manjeet Dhakal, a Nepali negotiator and Advisor to the Chair of the LDCs for the multilateral process under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), acknowledged the mixed outcome. “While we did not achieve everything needed to fully respond to the climate crisis, the voices of the most vulnerable were heard. The work continues, and the fight against climate catastrophe goes on.”

He added, “We leave this COP with both pride and pain. Pride in the resilience of our bloc, as we fought valiantly for the survival of the most vulnerable, but pain that our hopes for true climate justice have not been met. On the positive side, securing $300bn annually is three times the previous $100bn target.”

Another significant decision at COP29 relevant to Nepal was the operationalization of market-based cooperative approaches (carbon trading) under Articles 6.2 and 6.4 of the Paris Agreement. After nearly a decade of stalled negotiations, the agreement finalized the rules for international carbon markets, enabling countries to trade carbon credits and collaborate on reducing emissions more cost-effectively.

The agreement’s two key elements include guidelines for country-to-country trading and the establishment of the Paris Agreement Trading Mechanism.

Maheshwar Dhakal, joint-secretary at the Ministry of Forests and Environment (MoFE), said COP29 has paved the way for countries to develop national policies and agendas on carbon trading. “It’s up to countries whether they want to pursue it through government-to-government (G2G) arrangements, government-to-private sector partnerships, or voluntary or competitive approaches.”

Dhakal acknowledged that Nepal, being relatively new to carbon trading, lacks extensive knowledge and experience in this area. “We should adopt a flexible approach in the initial phase and gradually become more competitive as we gain experience in the next phase. At least now, we no longer face the obstacle of international law hindering our progress,” he added.

The launch of the Baku Adaptation Roadmap and the Baku High-Level Dialogue on Adaptation—aimed at enhancing the implementation of the UAE Framework and establishing a clear path for the Indicators Work Program on the Global Goal on Adaptation (GGA) at COP30—is another significant development for Nepal. Dhakal highlights that some mountain-related issues were addressed regarding the GGA. “As further discussions on mountain agendas have been postponed to the next sessions, we cannot label this a failure, but neither do we have concrete achievements to show,” Dhakal said.

Loss and damage is another key area of interest for Nepal. At COP29, it was decided to ensure the full operationalization of the Loss and Damage Fund, a long-awaited development for climate-vulnerable countries. To date, total pledged financial support for the Fund exceeds $730m. It is expected that the Fund will begin financing projects starting in 2025. However, no further agreements were reached, and negotiations on the specifics were postponed to the next session.

“The calculation of the price of non-economic losses is challenging, and it cannot be done without capacity development. Unfortunately, Latin American and African countries had differing views on capacity development, preventing us from achieving a concrete outcome on this issue,” said Dhakal, who also serves as a board member of the Fund for Responding to Loss and Damage.

COP29 did nothing to implement the outcomes of the Global Stocktake Agreement, which called for phasing out fossil fuels and aligning climate pledges with the 1.5°C target. Parties failed to reach an agreement to include explicit commitments to transition away from fossil fuels, leaving this critical negotiation to be revisited at COP30.

According to Dhakal, climate action cannot progress without major carbon emitters phasing out fossil fuels and supporting vulnerable nations through climate finance for adaptation. “But we also need to take responsibility to protect ourselves. For example, the Thame flood was caused by a natural glacial lake outburst from Thyanbo, but the Kathmandu flood was the result of reckless and unplanned infrastructure development and our negligence,” he explained.

Manjeet Dhakal assessed the three major expectations from COP29. “For climate finance, I would rate it two out of 10. For mitigation, I would give zero because, regarding the Global Stocktake, we are still where we were before COP29—not a single step of progress. As for carbon trading, I would give full marks, as it has been fully operationalized. However, we had no issues with carbon trading earlier also, yet we are still not fully utilizing our potential in this area,” he said. 

Several agreements were signed by Nepal on the sidelines of COP29. These include the accreditation of the National Trust for Nature Conservation (NTNC) by the Adaptation Fund (AF) for five years, allowing NTNC to function as its National Implementing Entity (NIE). This accreditation grants NTNC direct access to the AF and enables it to develop and implement adaptation and resilience projects of up to $10m each. Additionally, an agreement was signed between the MoFE and the Swedish Energy Agency on emissions trading. Furthermore, MoFE and WWF Nepal launched two GEF-funded projects: Managing Watersheds for Enhanced Resilience of Communities to Climate Change in Nepal (MaWRiN), with a budget of $9m, and Building National Capacities of Nepal to Meet Requirements of the Enhanced Transparency Framework of the Paris Agreement (CBIT), with a budget of $1.65m.

However, Joint-secretary Dhakal stated that while Nepal entered into these agreements during COP29, they are not direct outcomes of the conference. “We would have signed these even if there had been no COP.” He added that Nepal’s key outcome from COP29 is the potential to receive three times the benefit in climate finance, the opportunity to extensively work on carbon trading, and the ability to focus on and enhance capacity development, drawing from the experience gained at large platforms like COP.

Experts also emphasized the importance of increasing Nepal’s qualitative and strategic participation, rather than focusing solely on quantity. The Nepali delegation to COP29 was led by President Ramchandra Paudel, marking the fifth time Nepal has been represented at the head of state or government level at the UN Climate Change Conference.

At these high-level conferences, heads of state or government deliver country statements during the leaders’ or high-level segments and participate in other high-level events. President Paudel addressed the World Leaders Climate Action Summit. “These statements are important as they reflect a country’s political stance on climate change and provide guidance for the ongoing negotiations,” said Manjeet Dhakal. “Nepal’s continued leadership at these global forums underscores its commitment to addressing climate change and highlights its evolving role—not only as a vulnerable country but also as a frontline leader in climate action.”

Minister for Forests and Environment Ain Bahadur Shahi was also actively engaged in various bilateral and multilateral meetings under the common agenda of ‘Protecting the Himalayas is Protecting the Earth.’

It is clear that Nepal is being heard on the global stage. For example, in May 2024, Nepal hosted the International Expert Dialogue on Mountains, People, and Climate Change, with Azerbaijan, the host of COP29, sending a representative to the event. Additionally, Nepal was invited to the pre-COP29 ministerial meeting for the first time in 12 years.

The COP29 UN Climate Conference concluded in Baku, the capital of Azerbaijan, on Sunday with an agreement to triple climate finance for developing countries to $300bn annually by 2035. This is a part of the New Collective Quantified Goal on Climate Finance (NCQG) aimed at helping vulnerable nations combat climate disasters and participate in the global clean energy boom.

In addition to public finance, the agreement commits to mobilizing $1.3trn annually by 2035 from both public and private sources.

UN Secretary-General António Guterres acknowledged the significance of the agreement, stressing that it was essential to keeping the 1.5-degree climate target alive. While expressing a desire for more ambitious commitments, he highlighted that the agreement provides a foundation for future progress, stressing the need for swift action and timely implementation of financial commitments.

“The promises must quickly become cash,” Guterres urged, calling on countries to ensure the upper end of the new financial goal is met. He also praised the progress made in emissions reductions, the energy transition and carbon market agreements, despite the challenging geopolitical landscape.

Simon Stiell, executive secretary of UN Climate Change, described the agreement as “an insurance policy for humanity.” He emphasized that the success of this policy depends on timely fulfillment of financial commitments, which are essential to safeguard billions of lives and drive the global clean energy transition.  

“The agreement will keep the clean energy boom growing, ensuring all countries share its benefits: more jobs, stronger growth and cleaner, cheaper energy,” Stiell said in the COP29 closing plenary. “At COP28, the world agreed to triple renewables. At COP29, we tripled climate finance and countries will work to mobilize much, much more. At COP28, the world agreed to boost climate resilience. COP29 will help finance real protections for those on the frontlines, especially the most vulnerable.”

“The $300bn per year deal negotiated in Baku is weak, shortsighted and wholly inadequate to address the mounting threats of the climate crisis, and fails to protect the millions of lives on the line”, said Jess Beagley, policy lead at the Global Climate and Health Alliance, a consortium of more than 200 health professional and health civil society organizations from around the world.

The International Energy Agency estimates that global clean energy investments will exceed $2trn in 2024. This builds on strides made at COP27, which established a Loss and Damage Fund, and COP28, which committed to phasing out fossil fuels, tripling renewable energy and enhancing climate resilience.

For the first time, COP29 achieved consensus on carbon markets under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement. This agreement provides clarity on country-to-country carbon credit trading and operationalizes a centralized carbon market under the UN. Developing nations are expected to benefit from increased financial flows, while least developed countries will receive capacity-building support to participate.

The Paris Agreement Crediting Mechanism includes safeguards to ensure projects meet environmental and human rights standards, require Indigenous Peoples’ consent and provide avenues for appeals. The mechanism aligns with scientific guidance to maximize environmental integrity.  

COP29 made significant strides in transparent climate reporting, a cornerstone for strengthening climate policies. Thirteen countries, including Azerbaijan, the EU and Japan, submitted their Biennial Transparency Reports (BTRs), setting a benchmark for others. The Enhanced Transparency Framework (ETF) reporting tools and technical training supported these efforts.

A total of 42 events under the #Together4Transparency initiative showcased the importance of transparency in preparing Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) and identifying funding opportunities.

Adaptation was a central theme at COP29. Agreements included the launch of the Baku Adaptation Roadmap, provisions for National Adaptation Plans (NAPs) in least developed countries and commitments to expedite their implementation by 2025. A high-level dialogue brought together ministers, donors and financial experts to accelerate climate adaptation efforts.

The global goal on adaptation was advanced with plans to continue work on indicators ahead of COP30. The renewed emphasis on transformational adaptation highlights the urgency of addressing the needs of the most vulnerable populations.

The Baku Work Plan renewed the mandate of the Local Communities and Indigenous Peoples Platform (LCIPP) to amplify their voices in climate action. This decision underscores their leadership in addressing the climate crisis and fostering collaboration among stakeholders.

Countries extended the enhanced Lima Work Program on Gender and Climate Change for another decade and agreed to develop a new Gender Action Plan by COP30. The conference also emphasized the role of youth, with children as young as ten participating as moderators and speakers, showcasing a commitment to intergenerational collaboration.

While COP29 marked significant progress, Stiell acknowledged that it fell short of meeting all expectations. He urged nations to focus on unresolved issues in the lead-up to COP30 in Belem, Brazil. “We leave Baku with a mountain of work to do,” Stiell said. “The UN Paris Agreement is humanity’s life-raft. It’s our collective responsibility to keep moving forward.”

In his closing statement, Guterres reflected on a year marked by extreme weather events and rising emissions. He emphasized the urgency of addressing climate finance, particularly for developing nations grappling with debt, disasters and exclusion from the renewable energy revolution.

Looking ahead, Guterres called for countries to deliver enhanced climate action plans, with G20 nations leading the way in reducing emissions and accelerating the fossil fuel phase-out. He also called for swift action on debt, concessional finance, and the recapitalization of Multilateral Development Banks to support developing countries.

As for Nepal’s participation, President Ramchandra Paudel addressed the World Leaders Climate Action Summit and also addressed a high-level session organized by Kyrgyzstan on ‘Advancing Mountain Agenda’. Nepal also hosted a high-level session titled “Addressing Climate-Induced Loss and Damage in Mountainous Regions,” and unveiled two projects—Managing Watersheds for Enhanced Resilience of Communities to Climate Change in Nepal (MaWRiN) and Building National Capacities of Nepal to Meet Requirements of the Enhanced Transparency Framework of the Paris Agreement (CBIT)—funded by the Global Environment Facility (GEF).

In his summit address, President Paudel urged that vast resources currently allocated for arms be redirected toward adaptation and mitigation to safeguard humanity and ensure a habitable planet for future generations. “Not only have pledges for climate funding been insufficient from the outset, but the funds remain largely unmet,” he noted, pointing out that complicated procedures prevent targeted communities from accessing these funds. He called for immediate implementation of the “polluter pays and compensates” principle.

Plastic waste has long been an issue in Nepal, with plastic litter found everywhere—from the world’s highest peak, Sagarmatha, to the rivers of the Tarai plains. But who is responsible for managing this waste?

The Local Government Operation Act of 2015 mandates local governments to manage waste effectively. However, the lack of adequate budget, resources, and awareness at the local level hampers these efforts.

While the distribution of royalties from natural resources is clearly outlined, with 50 percent allocated to the federal government and 25 percent each to the provincial and local governments (as per Section 7 of the Intergovernmental Fiscal Management Act, 2017), local governments in domestic tourist destinations often miss out. They struggle to benefit from the center or the National Natural Resources and Fiscal Commission (NNRFC).

The Constitution of Nepal (2015) grants the NNRFC the authority to recommend how investments and returns from natural resources should be shared among the three tiers of government. However, local governments in tourist hotspots do not receive sufficient budget or attention from the authorities.

Many local bodies lack essential infrastructure, such as landfills and garbage trucks. A 2019/20 survey by the Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS) of 271 municipalities found that while 85.6 percent of municipalities reported having waste transportation services, rural municipalities have made minimal efforts to manage plastic waste, often citing budget constraints.

Ramhari Gyawali, spokesperson for the NNRFC, explained that all 753 local levels in Nepal receive a share of royalties based on their contribution to royalty collection. This means that localities with thriving local tourism—especially those benefiting from rivers and forests—often receive a smaller share due to their lower contribution to royalties.

Local levels lack updated data on plastic waste, hindering systematic solutions

Take Sailung, located 3,146 meters above sea level in Dolakha district, as an example. It has recently become a popular hiking destination for domestic tourists, but the sight of scattered plastic waste detracts from its natural beauty. This issue is not confined to Sailung; it is prevalent across many tourist destinations and hiking trails in the country, including popular spots like Shivapuri, Jamacho, and Phulchowki, as well as along rivers in tourist areas.

What happens to the plastic waste? Often, it is either left behind or burned—both of which contribute to environmental degradation and climate change. Burning plastic releases harmful toxins, severely affecting air quality. Environmental expert Ujjwal Upadhyay, project team leader for the Collaborative Approach for Preventing Plastic Leakages in Rivers of Nepal (CAP), warns that burning plastic is a dangerous practice, as it directly harms the air and public health, even increasing the risk of cancer.

Nepal, famous for its majestic mountains and cultural heritage, now faces a hidden menace: plastic pollution. Despite existing laws aimed at reducing plastic use, single-use plastics continue to accumulate along the nation’s rivers and trails, burdening local communities and tourism. The question remains: what is the true cost of plastic pollution?

Kalapani, located in Sailung Rural Municipality-8, serves as the gateway for visitors heading to Sailung. The area is home to several hotels catering to tourists, but it is also burdened with significant plastic waste.

The ‘Tourism Master Plan of Kalapani and Sailung Area (2022-2032)’, prepared by Sailung Rural Municipality, highlights the importance of agriculture as the primary occupation of local villagers. The report notes that 38 percent of the total land area in Sailung is arable, though it is increasingly affected by changing climate patterns.

As noted by Bishnu Maya Shrestha, a local resident of Kalapani, snowfall—once reliable from mid-October—is now sparse, occurring only around February. This shift has a detrimental impact on local agriculture, with crops like cauliflower, corn, wheat, and potatoes showing decreasing yields.

Yet, the same report does not address one of the most immediate challenges: plastic waste generated by tourism. The lack of waste management initiatives exacerbates the problem.

Rimal Babu Shrestha, chair of Sailung Rural Municipality, acknowledges the issue but says they have not yet considered waste management for Sailung. “We sometimes collect plastic waste from the area and burn it,” he told ApEx. “Banning plastic is not an option, as implementation would be difficult,” he added. 

According to Shrestha, the rural municipality has no data on waste production, nor are there dustbins for tourists along the hiking trail. This lack of infrastructure highlights the broader challenge faced by local governments: a lack of resources, awareness, and effective policies to address plastic pollution.

Similarly, Khadichaur, located in Balephi Rural Municipality-7 of Sindhupalchowk district, is another popular spot for local tourists, where visitors enjoy the Sunkoshi River and local fish. However, like many other areas, the riverbanks are littered with plastic waste. Hotels along the riverbank dispose of their plastic waste directly into the river. When this journalist asked one hotel owner why they were discarding waste into the river, he simply replied, “Everyone does it.”

A similar situation exists in Balephi Rural Municipality. The local body does not collect waste. Ganga Bahadur Tamang, chairperson of Balephi Rural Municipality, explains that they lack a landfill site, which is why waste collection is not feasible. “We’ve asked hotel owners not to dump waste in the river, as the area is a tourist site, but they don’t listen,” he says. “We also don’t have a policy to impose fines.”

While tourism has undoubtedly contributed to Nepal’s economy, it has also exacerbated plastic consumption and waste. This growing problem not only threatens the environment but also tarnishes Nepal’s reputation as a pristine tourist destination. In fact, reports and social media posts from tourists reflect concerns over the visible plastic waste, a negative image that could impact Nepal's tourism industry.

Beyond tourism, plastic pollution imposes hidden costs on local communities. Local governments near popular tourist trails and urban areas face the burden of waste management, yet they lack the resources and infrastructure to cope with the volume of waste. Consequently, waste is often dumped in rivers or open spaces, exacerbating the problem.

Madhav Karki, an environmentalist and chief advisor to the Minister for Forests and Environment, highlights the additional dangers of plastic waste, such as its ability to block river flows and drainage systems, which can lead to floods. “Plastic waste also infiltrates agricultural fields, harming soil quality and crop yields,” he adds. “Communities that rely on local rivers for irrigation and drinking water face the risk of contamination as plastic waste degrades and releases toxins.”

In addition, inadequate waste disposal methods mean that plastic litter is often burned in open pits, releasing harmful toxins that pollute the air and threaten public health. Local residents near trekking routes are particularly vulnerable to the health and economic impacts of plastic pollution.

In many municipalities across Nepal, waste is disposed of improperly, with some even using forest land for disposal. Even cities like Bhaktapur and Kirtipur dump waste on riverbanks and in public areas. A 2020 study by the UNDP Accelerator Lab Nepal revealed that urban areas generate over 350 tons of plastic waste daily, with nearly a third of this waste ending up in rivers.

Upadhyay explains that the presence of plastics in rivers ultimately impacts human health. Microplastics from contaminated river water enter the food chain, affecting crops and aquatic animals, which humans then consume. A study reported by ‘The Guardian’ in Aug 2024 found that brain samples collected earlier that year contained, on average, approximately 0.5 percent plastic by weight. This discovery raises concerns about the potential health implications of microplastics accumulating in human tissues. Previous research has shown that microplastics can enter the human body through ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact, potentially leading to inflammation, oxidative stress, and other adverse health effects.

This issue extends to wildlife as well. A recent study found that rhinos in Chitwan National Park ingest plastic items of various sizes and shapes, posing serious risks to their health and survival. Published in the journal ‘Global Ecology and Conservation’, the study analyzed 258 dung samples from the park, revealing that 10.1 percent contained visible plastic.

In response to the crisis, the government has implemented the Solid Waste Management Act (2011) and Solid Waste Management Rules (2013), though enforcement remains weak. One major challenge is the lack of waste segregation at the source, which complicates recycling efforts.

The Intergovernmental Fiscal Management Act (2017) unevenly allocates royalties, leaving domestic tourist hubs like Sailung underfunded for waste management. Despite the Local Government Operation Act (2015) mandate, local governments face critical shortages in budgets, resources, and essential infrastructure like landfills and garbage trucks

Nepal has a long history of attempts to ban plastic bags. The first initiative came in 1998 when Hetauda Municipality introduced a ban, though its effectiveness gradually faded over time. By 2010, other municipalities began implementing similar restrictions. In 2013, Kathmandu Metropolitan City took a significant step by enforcing its own ban on plastic bags. On 1 April 2015, the Nepal government introduced the ban on plastic bags, for the first time, following a directive from the Parliament Environment Committee. However, due to the massive earthquake, the ban could not be enforced properly.

In May 2022, the government introduced the ‘Action Plan for the Ban on Plastic Bags’, which included four key strategies: preventing the import of plastic bags thinner than 40 microns, banning single-use plastic bags thinner than 40 microns, providing grants to businesses for eco-friendly bag production, and encouraging individuals to use reusable bags while shopping.

In July 2023, the government introduced the ban on plastic bags and products that are less than 40 microns thick. This includes the production, import, sale, distribution, and use of these products.

In Oct 2024, the Department of Tourism announced a ban on the use of plastic bottles in four-star, five-star, and luxury hotels as part of a broader push toward environmental sustainability. This directive requires these establishments to use glass bottles or metal vessels for serving drinking water in hotel rooms and restaurants.

However, despite these legal reforms, enforcement remains weak.

“Political will is necessary for the strict implementation of these rules,” says Karki. “All three tiers of government, along with other agencies like the security forces, should unite and coordinate to enforce these rules.” He also adds that having similar rules nationwide would make implementation easier.

According to Upadhyay, reducing plastic use requires not only legal reforms but also a shift in people’s behavior. He also points out that Nepal lacks adequate research and data on this issue. 

Nepal’s iconic trekking trails and rivers, such as the Annapurna Circuit and Everest Base Camp, are increasingly burdened by plastic waste left behind by trekkers. Meanwhile, popular rivers like the Bagmati, Koshi, and Gandaki are heavily polluted by discarded plastic.

In response, the government launched the Sagarmatha Clean-Up Campaign in 2019 to raise awareness about plastic pollution in the mountains. Through the campaign, the Nepali Army has since collected around 119 tons of waste, with most of it being plastic.

Ang Babu Sherpa, leader of the Sherpa team for the ‘Mountain Clean-Up Campaign’, stated that up to 40-50 tons of garbage may still remain at South Col, the final camp before climbers attempts the summit, according to the Associated Press. “The waste there consists mainly of old tents, food packaging, gas canisters, oxygen bottles, tent packs, and climbing ropes,” he explained, noting that the garbage is layered and frozen at the 8,000-meter altitude of the South Col camp.

In recent years, a government mandate requiring climbers to return their trash or forfeit their deposits, combined with increased environmental awareness among climbers, has greatly reduced the amount of waste left behind. However, this was not the case in past decades.

According to Nepali Army spokesperson Brigadier General Gaurav Kumar KC, the Army’s role in national parks is limited to providing security, not collecting waste from hiking and trekking trails. He stresses the need for collaboration among the national park office, the Army, and other relevant departments and government agencies for effective waste control and management. “There should be strict rules and awareness initiatives for visitors at checkpoints. However, these rules won’t be practical if we don’t have sufficient dustbins in the area,” he explains. “Frequent signage indicating dustbin locations is also necessary to encourage proper waste disposal.”

Since waste collection falls outside the Nepali Army’s responsibilities, they do not have data on it. ApEx reached out to the information officer of Chitwan National Park for data on waste collection in the area, but they also lack any related records.

A survey conducted in 58 municipalities of Nepal in 2012 found that the average municipal solid waste generation was 317 grams per capita per day, amounting to 1,435 tons daily or 524,000 tons annually. 

A 2019/20 baseline survey by the CBS of 271 municipalities revealed that only 12 (4.4 percent) used transfer stations for waste processing.

Additionally, 99 municipalities (36.5 percent) had waste management plans, while 57.2 percent did not. Among the surveyed municipalities, 114 (42.1 percent) used landfill sites, 117 (43.2 percent) did not, and 14.8 percent did not report about their landfill site status.

And this is the latest data CBS has.

“Plastic waste management is not only Nepal’s problem, but a global crisis. However, many other nations and cities have banned it and enforced rules to properly address this issue,” Karki says, emphasizing that it is not an impossible task. “We should learn from international practices and implement them here as well.”

While international examples like Bhutan’s ban on plastic and Kenya’s policy against plastic bags offer hope, Nepal’s success in tackling plastic waste will depend on effective local solutions, such as waste segregation at source, recycling programs, and raising awareness about plastic’s environmental impact.

“Many countries have started producing electricity, bricks, cement, bitumen, and other products from plastic waste,” says Karki. “We should follow the 3Rs—reduce, reuse, and recycle,” he suggests.

This story has been produced with the support of the Internews Earth Journalism Network through the Media for Inclusive Green Growth project

By the third day of the 29th Conference of the Parties (COP29) in Baku, Nepal had engaged in a couple of events. President Ramchandra Paudel addressed the World Leaders Climate Action Summit and also addressed a high-level session organized by Kyrgyzstan on ‘Advancing Mountain Agenda’. Nepal also hosted a high-level session titled “Addressing Climate-Induced Loss and Damage in Mountainous Regions,” and unveiled two projects—Managing Watersheds for Enhanced Resilience of Communities to Climate Change in Nepal (MaWRiN) and Building National Capacities of Nepal to Meet Requirements of the Enhanced Transparency Framework of the Paris Agreement (CBIT)—funded by the Global Environment Facility (GEF).

In his summit address, President Paudel urged that vast resources currently allocated for arms be redirected toward adaptation and mitigation to safeguard humanity and ensure a habitable planet for future generations. “Not only have pledges for climate funding been insufficient from the outset, but the funds remain largely unmet,” he noted, pointing out that complicated procedures prevent targeted communities from accessing these funds. He called for immediate implementation of the “polluter pays and compensates” principle.

President Paudel also called for the rapid operationalization of the Loss and Damage Fund to assist vulnerable developing countries. He argued that climate finance should account for contributions from nations like Nepal, which preserve biodiversity, protect the Himalayan cryosphere and supply freshwater. Such countries, he asserted, should be adequately compensated for climate-related loss and damage.

Highlighting Nepal’s dedication to sustainable resource use, he pointed to increased forest cover and expanded clean energy production, which aligns with Nepal’s ambitious emission reduction goals under its second NDC, benefiting global environmental efforts. However, he cautioned, “The challenges of global warming and climate change far exceed our capacity and resources.” He also emphasized the need for technology transfer and adequate capacity-building grants under the Paris Agreement, insisting that climate finance be provided as grants, channeled through national treasuries for effectiveness.

President Paudel expressed hope that COP29 would make concrete progress on setting a clear NCQG (New Collective Quantified Goal) aligned with climate justice, equity and capacity to limit global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius and advance sustainable development in least-developed and Himalayan nations.

In a session organized by Kyrgyzstan, Nepal pointed out that “due to the effects of climate change, young people from mountainous regions are forced to migrate, leaving the poor, women, children and the elderly to suffer the most.” President Paudel emphasized the need for integrated programs that simultaneously address poverty and climate change.

With climate indicators breaking records each year, people in mountain regions are facing increasingly harsh conditions. He cited the displacement of over 35 families from Thame village in Solukhumbu, Nepal, following a glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF) last August, as well as the tragic loss of over 500 lives due to floods and landslides during the monsoon season. “The suffering and trauma from these disasters are long-lasting. Thorough assessment and increased preparedness are crucial to reducing future loss and damage,” he added.

Additionally, the launch of the MaWRiN and CBIT projects underscores Nepal’s commitment to enhancing community climate resilience and strengthening national reporting capabilities under the Paris Agreement. This event, organized in collaboration with Nepal’s Ministry of Forests and Environment (MoFE) and GEF, gathered stakeholders from Nepal’s Ministry of Finance, MoFE’s Climate Change Management Division, and global climate organizations.

The MaWRiN project, funded with $9m, aims to build climate resilience for Indigenous people and local communities in the Marin watershed. Through nature-based solutions and diversified livelihood support, MaWRiN is designed to empower vulnerable communities to adapt to climate impacts.

The CBIT project, funded at $1.65m, focuses on building Nepal’s institutional capacity to meet the Enhanced Transparency Framework (ETF) requirements of the Paris Agreement. By tracking progress on Nepal’s Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), CBIT will bolster Nepal’s climate reporting and accountability, targeting the submission of Nepal’s first Biennial Transparency Report (BTR).

Sindhu Prasad Dhungana, head of MoFE’s Climate Change Management Division, remarked on the importance of these projects for Nepal’s international climate commitments. “With MaWRiN and CBIT, Nepal is advancing its climate resilience and transparency, empowering communities while aligning national goals with global standards,” he said.

Esteban Bermudez, representing GEF, emphasized the projects’ importance in ensuring Nepal’s timely compliance with the Paris Agreement. Although he acknowledged some procedural delays, he praised Nepal’s ministries for their commitment and affirmed GEF’s continued support for Nepal’s climate objectives.

Dhaniram Sharma, joint-secretary of the Ministry of Finance, underscored the CBIT project’s critical role in enhancing transparency and accountability in Nepal’s climate action, highlighting MaWRiN’s focus on watershed management and community-centered sustainability. “While Nepal has received some climate financing, the escalating impact of climate change requires stronger financial backing,” Sharma stated.

Deepak Kumar Kharal, secretary of MoFE, closed the event by reaffirming the ministry’s commitment to supporting WWF Nepal in implementing these projects. He expressed optimism for increased international funding to scale climate resilience and mitigate the adverse impacts of climate change in Nepal. “These projects are not just a response to present challenges but a step toward a sustainable, resilient future,” Kharal concluded.

President Ram Chandra Paudel has drawn the world's attention to address the problems of climate change and poverty.

Addressing the high-level session organized by Kyrgyzstan in the course of ongoing COP29 in Baku, today, President Paudel viewed that climate change sufferers should be ensured justice, an integrated approach is essential.

"The youths from mountainous countries have migrated elsewhere due to climate change impact, while the poor, women, children and elderly ones are suffering worse. The programs to alleviate poverty and climate change would be launched together to address these twin issues."

He further reminded that the climate change is largely caused by the activities of carbon emissions by the developed countries, but the poor people from mountainous countries are bearing the brunt. "I hope the COP29 will be successful to guarantee justice to the victims," President Paudel mentioned in the session.

As the climate change indicators are breaking records every year, the people in the mountain countries are bound to live in the harshest condition, he said, adding that more than 35, 000 households of mountainous Thame village of Solukhumbu district were displaced due to GLOF (glacial lake outburst floods) in Nepal last August. Similarly, the floods and landslides that occurred in the monsoon took the lives of over 500.

"The suffering and trauma the disasters caused in enduring. Proper evaluation and further preparedness are imperative to minimize the loss and damage," he said.

According to him, as both Nepal and Kyrgyzstan are mountainous countries, they both share similar plights when it comes to climate change.

The event was also addressed by the President of Kyrgyzstan, President of Mongolia and Foreign Minister of Azerbaijan, among others.

Earlier, President Paudel had addressed the COP29 on Monday.

The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and UN Climate Change released urgent reports on the escalating levels of greenhouse gasses and the inadequacy of current emissions targets. Both reports underscore the dire need for rapid and aggressive climate policies ahead of COP29, which is set to take place in Baku from Nov 11 to 22.

The WMO reported on Monday that greenhouse gas concentrations reached unprecedented levels in 2023, driving global temperatures higher and committing the planet to years of warming. The UN agency’s annual Greenhouse Gas Bulletin highlighted that carbon dioxide (CO2), methane and nitrous oxide concentrations are all at record highs, with CO2 levels climbing at an alarming rate—up more than 10 percent in just two decades.

CO2 concentrations rose by 11.4 percent in the past 20 years, reaching 420 ppm in 2023. Methane and nitrous oxide levels were also significantly elevated, reaching 1,934 ppb and 336.9 ppb, respectively. These values represent 151 percent, 265 percent, and 125 percent increases from pre-industrial levels, according to the WMO’s Global Atmosphere Watch network of monitoring stations.

“These aren’t just statistics; every part per million and every fraction of a degree of temperature increase brings real impacts on our lives and ecosystems,” said WMO Secretary-General Celeste Saulo. The 2023 CO2 increase was 2.3 ppm—the 12th consecutive year with an increase above two ppm—driven by persistent fossil fuel emissions and aggravated by large-scale vegetation fires and the effects of El Niño.

The report underscores the difficulty in meeting the Paris Agreement goals to limit warming below 2°C, with an aspirational target of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels. “We are clearly off track,” said Saulo. She stressed that warming feedbacks—where rising temperatures reduce the ability of ecosystems to absorb CO2—pose an even greater risk.

Due to the long atmospheric lifespan of CO2, the current levels of global warming will likely persist for decades, even with rapid emission cuts. “The warming effects of CO2 will not dissipate quickly, locking in temperature increases for generations,” noted Saulo. Radiative forcing—or the warming impact from greenhouse gasses—has increased by 51.5 percent since 1990, with CO2 accounting for 81 percent of this rise.

The WMO report highlighted concerns over the durability of natural carbon sinks. Currently, oceans and land ecosystems absorb nearly half of CO2 emissions, with oceans accounting for a quarter and land ecosystems nearly 30 percent. However, as Deputy Secretary-General Ko Barrett noted, climate change could reduce these natural carbon sinks’ efficiency. “Warming oceans may absorb less CO2, while wildfires could release more carbon into the atmosphere,” Barrett warned, adding that climate feedback could intensify warming further.

The WMO pointed out that current CO2 levels mirror those of 3m-5m years ago, a period when global temperatures were 2-3°C higher and sea levels were 10-20 meters above today’s levels. With the WMO warning that ecosystems themselves might soon become net emitters of greenhouse gasses, Barrett stressed the urgency of addressing these “vicious cycles” that could exacerbate the crisis and have profound impacts on human society.

These findings align with the UN Environment Program’s recent Emissions Gap Report, which assesses the growing disparity between current emissions and levels needed to meet climate targets.

On Monday, UN Climate Change released its 2024 Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) Synthesis Report. The report evaluates the collective impact of current national climate plans on anticipated global emissions by 2030, underscoring the critical changes required to avert severe climate impacts. 

UN Climate Change Executive Secretary Simon Stiell emphasizes that this report “must mark a turning point, ending the era of inadequacy and sparking a new age of acceleration” with much bolder climate plans needed from all nations in the coming year. 

The report finds that combined global NDCs would lead to a mere 2.6 percent reduction in emissions by 2030 from 2019 levels, only marginally improving on last year’s two percent projection. This falls far short of the 43 percent reduction by 2030 needed to limit global warming to 1.5°C, as advised by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).

Stiell states, “Current national climate plans fall miles short of what’s needed to stop global heating from crippling every economy and wrecking billions of lives and livelihoods across every country.” He emphasizes that “much bolder new national climate plans can not only avert climate chaos—done well, they can be transformational for people and prosperity in every nation.”

The report serves as a wake-up call, highlighting that “emissions of 51.5 gigatonnes of CO2 equivalent in 2030—only 2.6 percent lower than in 2019—will guarantee a human and economic train wreck for every country.” 

Stiell urges nations to adopt “ambitious new emissions targets that are economy-wide” and ensure they are backed by “substantive regulations, laws, and funding to ensure goals are met and plans implemented.” He also emphasizes the need for new NDCs to detail adaptation priorities and investments to protect vulnerable sectors and populations.

With COP29 in Baku on the horizon, Stiell stresses the importance of converting commitments from COP28, such as transitioning from fossil fuels and tripling renewables, into concrete policies. He concludes that new NDCs will be among “the most important policy documents” of the century, setting a clear path for renewable energy scaling, strengthened adaptation, and accelerated low-carbon transitions globally.

Both reports aim to inform COP29 discussions, where decision-makers are urged to treat the surging greenhouse gas levels as a “wakeup call” and to adopt more aggressive climate policies.

UN Climate Change Executive Secretary Simon Stiell has called for an urgent and substantial increase in global climate finance to address the escalating climate crisis. Speaking at a Brookings Institution virtual event on Thursday, Stiell emphasized that while recent progress in climate finance is notable, it falls significantly short of the necessary scale required to protect the global economy and vulnerable communities from worsening climate impacts.

Stiell pointed to the fact that over a trillion dollars was invested in climate action globally last year, a major leap from just a few hundred billion a decade ago. Additionally, developed countries provided and mobilized over $100bn in climate finance to developing nations in 2022, according to Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) estimates. However, he warned that despite these advances, much more is needed to meet the global climate challenge, especially as countries around the world face mounting damages from extreme weather events and economic disruptions linked to the climate crisis.

“We’ve seen hundreds of billions of dollars of damage to countries, rich and poor, this year alone,” Stiell remarked. “We simply can’t afford a world of clean energy haves and have-nots. In a two-speed global transition, pretty soon everyone loses.”

Stiell stressed that trillions of dollars more in investment are needed to enable all nations to cut greenhouse gas emissions and bolster their resilience to climate impacts. Without decisive action, he warned, economies will suffer more severely in the years to come. He urged the international community to seize the opportunity of the upcoming World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF) Annual Meetings, where multilateral development banks (MDBs) will play a critical role in driving the climate transition.

While welcoming recent moves by the World Bank to increase concessional lending for climate action, Stiell noted that incremental changes will not suffice. “On climate finance, we have a need for speed,” he said, emphasizing that developing countries must have access to more funds, fiscal space, and debt relief to enable effective climate action.

He called on the G20, as the largest shareholders of the MDBs, to properly fund these institutions and support reforms to the international financial system. Stiell highlighted Brazil’s G20 leadership, noting its efforts to bring together climate and finance ministers—a collaboration that he hopes will lead to more concrete outcomes.

Looking ahead to COP29 in Baku, Stiell emphasized that a new international climate finance goal must be established, one that aligns with the needs of developing countries. “COP29 must be the stand-and-deliver COP,” he said, underscoring that climate finance is central to saving the global economy and protecting billions of lives from rampaging climate impacts.

Stiell also stressed the importance of public finance, calling for more grant-based and concessional funding, and underscoring the need to leverage private finance to scale up climate investments. Additionally, he called for mechanisms to ensure that promised funds are delivered, more support for adaptation, and the effective operation of the Loss and Damage Fund, established at COP28.

“We must fund a new generation of national climate plans,” Stiell said, urging governments to convert pledges made at COP28 into real-world results, such as tripling renewable energy, doubling energy efficiency, and phasing out fossil fuels.

In closing, Stiell warned against isolationist tendencies in a time of global fractures. “If we go down this path, it will soon be game over in the world’s climate fight,” he said, urging leaders to recognize that climate finance is in every nation’s interest and that boulder climate action offers a pathway to stronger growth, more jobs, and better health for all.

Nepal is highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, ranking as the 10th most affected country globally according to the Climate Risk Index 2021. The Global Vulnerability Index 2019 also indicates that Nepal ranks fourth globally, experiencing rapid glacier retreat, landslides, and flooding. 

Despite this, Nepal contributes minimally to global climate change. As noted in Nepal’s first Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) report in 2011, the country’s greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are only about 0.027 percent of total global emissions.

This highlights the importance of climate justice. The principles of climate justice emphasize that those who contributed the least to climate change should not bear its costs disproportionately, ensuring that climate actions are equitable and just, especially for those most affected yet least responsible for climate change. According to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) framework, climate justice involves equity and common but differentiated responsibilities, recognizing the varying capabilities and responsibilities of different countries.

In Nepal, climate justice is a relatively new concept within climate change policy. The focus has mainly been on adaptation and mitigation, with climate justice issues often limited to campaign slogans about compensation from developed nations and the polluter pays principle.

To achieve climate justice and address these challenges, Nepal needs robust legal frameworks. However, Nepal has not even a Climate Change Act yet. Experts suggest that a dedicated climate change act is essential to ensure proper support for vulnerable communities and their representation in policy processes.

Without a dedicated Act, how is Nepal addressing climate change? Here is an explainer of Nepal’s major climate change-related acts, policies, and regulations.

Supreme Court order

On 25 Dec 2018, the Supreme Court directed the government to enact a new climate change law to address the effects of climate change, reduce fossil fuel consumption, and promote low carbon technologies. The court determined that a new law was necessary for Nepal to fulfill its international obligations under the Paris Agreement and its domestic responsibilities. It deemed the Environmental Protection Act of 1997 inadequate for addressing the need for climate change mitigation and adaptation measures. Despite this directive, the government has not yet made an integrated climate change Act. Although the Nepal Law Commission drafted a climate change Act, it has not been enacted.

Nevertheless, after the Court’s order, the government passed the Environment Protection Act of 2019 and the Forests Act of 2019, both aimed at addressing climate mitigation and adaptation measures.

The Environment Protection Act of 2019 includes provisions for Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) and mitigation planning. It stipulates that adaptation plans must prioritize vulnerable groups such as women, persons with disabilities, children, senior citizens, economically disadvantaged communities, and those in vulnerable geographical areas. The Act also establishes an environmental protection fund to manage climate change and other environmental issues.

Meanwhile, the Forest Act of 2019 was formulated to manage and utilize various types of forests in Nepal, including state-managed forests, community forests, collaborative forests, leasehold forests, religious forests, and private forests. Its provisions encompass benefits from carbon sequestration, emission reduction, and climate change adaptation as determined by the government.

Local government and risk reduction

The Local Government Operation Act, 2017 includes provisions for disaster management, environment conservation and protection, land management, and natural resource management as a joint responsibility of the federal and provincial governments. However, the Act overlooks special attention to climate change risks and necessary adaptation measures. Local governments have an environment and disaster management unit, but due to poor capacity, providing timely and effective responses for vulnerable communities (such as the poor, Dalit, marginalized, and indigenous people) during disasters is challenging.

Similarly, the Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act, 2017 provides a legislative framework for managing disaster risks, including those exacerbated by climate change. It emphasizes preparedness, response, and recovery strategies. The Act establishes the District Disaster Management Committee and the Local Disaster Management Committee, which have functions and powers related to relief, recovery, rehabilitation, and resettlement. However, the Act is silent on issues of tenure security and tenure rights. Additionally, it includes provisions for a disaster and emergency fund to support disaster relief and response activities.

Climate change and environment policy

The National Climate Change Policy, 2019, is Nepal’s primary document on climate change, replacing the National Climate Change Policy, 2011. It aims to incorporate climate change considerations into all government policies, strategies, plans, and programs across various levels and sectors to promote low-carbon development and a green economy. The policy outlines agriculture-based adaptation programs targeting poor, marginalized, landless, indigenous people, vulnerable households, women, and persons with disabilities. However, it does not recognize women and marginalized groups as agents of change. It mandates that at least 80 percent of the climate finance received from international mechanisms should be used for local-level climate change projects.

The National Environment Policy, 2019, focuses primarily on addressing pollution and other environmental issues. It emphasizes environmental justice by applying penalties to environmental polluters (following the principle that polluters must pay) and compensating affected individuals and communities.

Net zero emission strategy

Nepal's Long-term Strategy for Net Zero Emission, 2021, aims for the country to achieve net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2045. The strategy emphasizes maximizing clean energy sources such as hydropower, solar energy, and biogas; decarbonizing the transportation sector; promoting sustainable agriculture; increasing and maintaining forest cover; and enhancing international cooperation on climate change mitigation and adaptation. It reaffirms the principles of Gender Equality and Social Inclusion (GESI) and Leave No One Behind (LNOB) during the implementation phase.

NDC and adaptation plan

The Second Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC), 2020, explicitly targets gender sensitivity in both mitigation and adaptation components, identifying Gender Equality and Social Inclusion (GESI) as a crosscutting area. It mandates “equal access to women, children, youth, indigenous people, and marginalized groups during participation, decision-making, and benefit-sharing.” By 2030, it requires all local governments to prepare and implement climate adaptation plans focusing on women, differently-abled individuals, children, senior citizens, youth, and indigenous people.

The National Adaptation Plan 2021-2050 outlines short-term priority actions until 2025, medium-term priority programs until 2030, and long-term adaptation strategic goals until 2050. These aim to help Nepal better integrate actions and strategies to address climate risk and vulnerability. The plan recognizes women, indigenous people, and persons with disabilities as “vulnerable to current and projected climate hazards.”

L&D framework

In response to the Paris Agreement and the increase in extreme events within the country, the government developed the National Framework on Climate Induced Loss and Damage (L&D) in 2021. This framework presents a comprehensive strategy to address the impacts of climate change on the nation. It provides financial support, including insurance and compensation schemes, as well as technical and institutional assistance to communities adversely affected by climate change. The framework demonstrates Nepal’s commitment to tackling climate change challenges and protecting its people and environment from the adverse effects of climate-induced loss and damage.

A research paper published by ActionAid Nepal and conducted by the Environment and Engineering Research Center (EERC) indicates that key elements of climate justice are either missing or not clearly integrated into Nepal’s current climate-related laws and policies. The paper highlights the prevalent belief that poor, vulnerable, and marginalized communities should receive disaster preparedness training and support for rescue, relief, rehabilitation, and resettlement. However, these groups are often seen merely as recipients of support rather than as individuals or communities with rights to protection from climate-induced disasters.

The research paper highlights several challenges in implementing and enforcing climate-related laws and policies. One major issue is the presence of competing legal provisions, with overlapping jurisdictions among federal, provincial, and local governments, especially in areas like disaster management. Additionally, inadequate inter-ministry coordination at both horizontal levels (such as between conservation and development ministries at the federal level) and vertical levels (federal, provincial, and local) hinders progress. The complex nature of carbon emission mitigation and climate adaptation demands synchronized efforts, which are often lacking.

Capacity gaps at subnational levels further complicate the situation, as provincial and local governments frequently lack the necessary understanding and resources to address climate vulnerability and its impacts on agriculture, food security, public health, infrastructure, livelihoods, and forests. The issue is compounded by data deficiency, with Nepal suffering from a lack of updated and aggregated data on climate-induced hazards, loss, and damage. Overlapping jurisdictions can lead to scattered data across different levels of government, impeding comprehensive national-level data collection and analysis.

Inadequate budget allocation and climate finance management also pose significant challenges. Competing national priorities result in insufficient funding for climate initiatives, with a heavy reliance on international sources. The late climate budget tagging exercise and a lack of prioritization based on climate impact evaluation further weaken climate finance management.

Climate finance

Addressing climate change effectively requires legislative frameworks that facilitate adequate financing mechanisms for climate justice, particularly in adaptation and mitigation activities. However, several legislative gaps hinder the mobilization, allocation, and utilization of climate finance. The current legislative framework often lacks clarity on funding priorities and the distribution of climate funds, and it does not clearly define funding for priority areas and vulnerable populations.

Key financial funds and mechanisms established by law include the Environmental Protection Fund, created under the Environment Protection Act, 2019, and the Disaster and Emergency Fund, provisioned by the Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act, 2017. Additional sources of climate finance come from national budget allocations, international climate finance through UNFCCC mechanisms, and climate-related budgets secured through bilateral relations and multilateral organizations, such as the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank (ADB).

The COP28 UN Climate Change Conference in Dubai concluded with a historic agreement on the operationalization of funding arrangements to address loss and damage. Commitments to address loss and damage started pouring in immediately after the decision was finalized, accumulating over $661m to date. But can Nepal benefit from these funds?

Lawmaker Madhav Sapkota notes that Nepal still lacks about nine essential Acts, which complicates the process of securing loss and damage (L&D) funds. He suggests establishing informal forums such as a ‘Climate Parliament’, an international cross-party network of legislators focused on combating climate change and promoting renewable energy. He points out that neighboring countries like India, Bangladesh, and Bhutan are already part of the Climate Parliament.

Development of climate change legislation in Nepal

• 1992: UNFCCC conference in Brazil
• 2005: Kyoto Protocol
• 2010: Readiness preparation proposal for REED
• 2010: National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA)
• 2011: Local Adaptation Plans for Action (LAPA) framework
• 2011: Climate change policy
• 2012: Rio+ 20
• 2015: Paris Agreement
• 2016: Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC)
• 2018: National REED+ strategy
• 2019: Climate change policy 2019
• 2019: Revised LAPA framework
• 2019: Climate change budget code
• 2020: Second NDC
• 2021: National Adaptation Plan (NAP)
• 2022: National framework on climate induced L&D
• 2022: Strategy for net-zero emission
• 2022: Assessment of climate financing allocation
• 2023: NAP 2021-2050

Pokhara: Dil Bahadur Gurung (67) of Tangting in Madi Rural Municipality of Kaski, which falls within the Annapurna Conservation Area Project (ACAP), recounts his experience of increasing water scarcity in areas that once had abundant water even during winter.

Gurung, who operated a sheep farm for 30 years in  Kori, now a popular tourist attraction in the Annapurna Conservation Area, said that areas that previously had water sources in abundance during winter are now becoming dry. Gurung noticed a significant change in water availability when he led a team to study trekking trails to Kori in 2021.

The team, which started the trek from Krapu Hill in Jan 2021, faced water scarcity for both drinking and cooking on their first night at Chamro. Gurung recalled seeing previously abundant spring sources dry up for the first time that year. The team managed to provide water for the 20-member team with difficulty, he added.

Upon reaching the Kori Hill (3,800 meters), Gurung found that all known water sources had dried up. The team had to spend the night without food due to the lack of water. They later found a gallon of water in a locked shed which they used sparingly to quench their thirst. Gurung said he never experienced such water scarcity during his years of moving sheep farms across high alpine regions

The districts of Manang and Mustang, beyond the Himalayas, are known as rain shadow zones. However, these areas within the Annapurna Conservation Area have recently been experiencing heavy rainfall. The cold desert regions of Mustang and Manang are now facing increased incidents of flooding, resulting in loss of life and property.

Conservation expert Dr Hum Bahadur Gurung suggests constructing ponds to manage water resources, as the increasing dryness in high alpine regions during winter affects not only trekkers but also wildlife. Stating that the drying up of water sources could impact the biodiversity of high-altitude areas, he urged concerned authorities to address the issue. Since traditionally rain shadow areas have started receiving rainfall during the monsoon season, he urged authorities for new structures and development approaches to adapt to these changing conditions.

Rivers dry up as water is diverted into hydropower tunnel

Studies show that the rate of snow melting in the Himalayas is increasing. Recent research also indicates a growing problem of water sources drying up in high Himalayan and hilly regions.

Locals of Madi Rural Municipality in Kaski report an additional problem arising from human behavior causing streams to dry up. Bhupal Gurung, a resident of Sabi in Madi-7, said that temperatures have been rising during winter in recent years, and heavy floods during the rainy season sometimes force them to abandon their settlements. “As if it were not enough, hydropower projects divert all the water from rivers into tunnels during winter, causing the rivers to dry up and increasing temperatures in nearby settlements,” he said. “The river used to bring cool air when it was flowing. Now, the power projects have taken all the water into tunnels. The river is dry, and it’s getting hotter,” he said.

The drying up of rivers not only increases temperatures but also destroys biodiversity, according to Gurung. He said floods can force people to flee their settlements during the rainy season, while in winter, the dry streams affect those who rely on fishing for their livelihood. He has also observed fish populations disappearing, and aquatic animals and wildlife dependent on water are no longer seen.

Before the construction of hydropower projects, various species of water birds used to visit the local rivers. These birds are no longer seen these days. There used to be plenty of otters that feed on fish. With the streams no longer flowing, various fish species have disappeared, and the otters and water birds that came to feed on them are no longer seen, locals say.

Rivers and streams naturally have less water in winter. The situation becomes chronic when hydropower projects divert all available water into tunnels to maintain operations during this low-flow period. Devi Jung Gurung, chairperson of Madi Rural Municipality, said that the drying up of rivers affects not only the locals but also the environment, aquatic life and wildlife. He said that the disappearance of streams has led to the extinction of aquatic species and impacted the environment.

Locals say the Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation (DNPWC) should monitor whether hydropower projects are releasing the mandated 10 percent of water flow into the streams as per their agreements. Dr Rabin Kadariya, chief of the Annapurna Conservation Area Project (ACAP), said that they have been monitoring water release within their jurisdiction and sending letters to non-compliant projects urging them to adhere to the agreement. “We also respond to public complaints by contacting the relevant hydropower projects to ensure compliance,” he added. “So far, we have only been issuing reminders through letters and phone calls to non-compliant hydropower projects. From this  year, we plan to take legal action if the situation persists.”

Dr Kadariya remains hopeful that projects will comply with the water release agreements to avoid facing legal consequences. He also noted that water scarcity issues in streams are most critical during the months of Chaitra and Baisakh (mid-March to mid-May).

Local representatives say hydropower projects are being built within the Annapurna Conservation Area without proper consideration of the local environment and biodiversity.

The chairpersons of Annapurna Rural Municipality in Myagdi and Madi Rural Municipality in Kaski state that hydropower projects are being built in these biodiversity-rich Himalayan areas without any coordination with local governments. Projects receive construction permits directly from the federal government without discussing the status of local wildlife, aquatic life, or the appropriate elevation limits for construction with the rural municipalities, they added.

Bharat Kumar Pun, chairperson of Annapurna Rural Municipality, said that a hydropower project is being constructed up to Hum Khola at an elevation of 2,883 meters on the Northern Annapurna Base Camp trekking route. “Roads built for hydropower projects have shortened the North Annapurna Base Camp trek from 9-10 days to just 3-4 days. This has impacted the local environment and tourism,” Pun added.

Although environmental impact assessments are conducted, Pun said that the numerous hydropower projects along the rivers are affecting biodiversity by drying up streams during winter as they divert water into tunnels. Local representatives claim that while environmental impact assessment reports are prepared before project initiation, they often prove impractical.

Madi Rural Municipality Chairperson Gurung said hydropower projects in Himalayan regions are initiated with direct approval from the federal government, without coordination with local governments regarding potential impacts. This lack of attention to local biodiversity conservation is affecting the environment, he added.

Hydropower project work is ongoing near Kapuche Glacier Lake, Nepal’s lowest glacier lake, up to Hugu Goth, according to Gurung. 

Raju Acharya, director of Friends of Nature, an organization working in the conservation area for three decades, said hydropower projects at the foot of the Annapurna range are affecting the habitats and grazing areas of rare wildlife such as Himalayan black bears and snow leopards. He added that when projects fail to release the agreed amount of water into streams, it directly impacts aquatic life, plants and wildlife.

As many as 23 small and large hydropower projects are currently operational within the Annapurna Conservation Area, generating 312 MW of electricity. Eleven projects under construction will produce an additional 1,018 MW.

ACAP Chief Dr Kadariya said 69 more areas within the conservation area are under study for potential hydropower projects.

Unauthorized hotels, restaurants on the rise

The Annapurna Conservation Area has seen an increase in unauthorized construction of hotels and restaurants on government land. This trend has been growing since 2017, with many structures built during the Covid-19 pandemic. These establishments have been constructed by clearing forests within the conservation area by using locally sourced timber and construction materials.

The lack of coordination between local rural municipalities and the Annapurna Conservation Area Project (ACAP) during the pandemic period allowed for the proliferation of these unauthorized structures, locals say. Some of these constructions reportedly involve investments from local representatives.

In 2010, the ACAP Liaison Office in Pokhara decided to confiscate houses and sheds built by encroaching on government and forest land within the Annapurna Conservation Area and slapped a fine of Rs 50,000 per person, as per Section 28 of the National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act, 1972.

The hotel operators challenged the decision in Kaski District Court. The district court, however, upheld the decision taken by ACAP Liaison Office in 2022. Recently, the Kaski District Court also upheld ACAP’s decision on five additional hotels. Rabin Chaudhary of ACAP Liaison Office in Pokhara, reported that two more cases involving structures on government land within the conservation area are still pending.

Out of 115 illegally constructed hotels, restaurants, and other structures on the Mardi trekking trail, the district court has now upheld ACAP’s decision on 16 hotels.

Previously, ACAP had the authority to investigate and decide on illegal activities within the conservation area. However, recent legal amendments require such cases to be handled through the district court.

With the increasing popularity of new trekking routes like Mardi Himal, Khumai, Krapu Hill, Kapuche Lake and Kori Hill, there has been a rush to build hotels and restaurants. ACAP data shows that 314 businesses, including hotels, restaurants, and tea shops, are operating on government land within the conservation area.

About 200 hotels and restaurants were registered before 2016. After the election of local representatives in 2017, rural municipalities demanded the authority to register and approve hotels. This has led to a situation where previously registered establishments haven’t renewed their licenses, and newly built structures have no legal basis for taxation. As a result, the government is not receiving any revenue from these 314 hotels built on land in conservation areas.

Conservation activists say that while local communities were once actively involved in forest and wildlife conservation, recent trends show locals building tourist infrastructure on government land without permission, focusing more on exploitation than conservation.

Record tourist numbers boost revenue

The Annapurna Conservation Area has reported unprecedented tourist numbers and revenue for the 2023/24 fiscal year. According to the ACAP, 222,180 tourists visited the Annapurna Region during the review year, generating a record fee of Rs 383.68m.

This year’s figures represent a significant increase from the previous year, which saw 172,510 visitors and Rs 306.6m in revenue. The current numbers also surpass the pre-covid peak of 181,000 tourists recorded in 2018/19. Of the total visitors this year, 117,845 were from SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation) countries, while 104,296 came from other nations.

ACAP applies different fee structures based on visitors' origin. SAARC country nationals pay Rs 2,000 per person, while other international visitors are charged Rs 3,000. A nominal fee of Rs 100 is set for domestic tourists, although this is often not collected.

The substantial revenue from tourist entry fees has attracted attention from various stakeholders. However, conservation activists say the three tiers of government have not paid adequate attention to sustainable tourism development and biodiversity conservation in the region.

Revenue and ownership disputes

The management of the Annapurna Conservation Area Project (ACAP) has been a subject of controversy. On 19 Jan 2024, the Council of Ministers decided to hand over the management responsibility of both the Annapurna and Manaslu conservation areas to the National Trust for Nature Conservation (NTNC) for four years. The management contract of the Annapurna Conservation Area had not been renewed since 16 Jan 2021.

While this decision resolved the uncertainty about who would manage ACAP for the next four years, the Gandaki Province Government and local bodies have been consistently demanding that the Annapurna Conservation Area, which generates the highest revenue among all conservation areas in the country, should come under provincial jurisdiction.

Surendra Raj Pandey, the Chief Minister of Gandaki Province, has been advocating for both ACAP and MCAP (Manaslu Conservation Area Project) to come under provincial control. He has been discussing this issue with local representatives from the rural municipalities within these conservation areas.

Chiranjivi Sharma Poudel, the Chief Attorney of Gandaki Province, stated that the provincial government is clear that conservation areas within Gandaki Province should be under provincial control. He argued that it is not legally sound for the federal government to entrust these areas to an NGO-model organization. Poudel explained that the government’s decision to hand over forest management of the two conservation areas to the NTNC was based on a law from 1972, which is outdated given Nepal’s transition to a federal system.

“Article 304 of the Constitution of Nepal, 2015, invalidates any laws that are inconsistent with federal principles,” he said, arguing that while the constitution gives management authority to the provinces, the federal government’s decision to give this authority to an NGO goes against the spirit of the constitution. He has advised the Chief Minister that this decision could be overturned if challenged in the Supreme Court.

The National Natural Resources and Fiscal Commission is a constitutional body responsible for distributing national revenue. It collects revenue from across the country and distributes it according to constitutional guidelines. There is a legal provision to distribute funds to provinces, the federal government, and local bodies on a proportional basis.

“Provinces should receive their share through the commission. However, no money is being deposited with the Commission as an NGO-model organization has taken over the forest management,” Poudel said. “This raises questions about financial transparency. The Gandaki province government, therefore, must insist that conservation areas within the province should be under provincial control.”

Juddha Bahadur Gurung, a member of the commission, revealed that they had recommended two years ago that royalties from ACAP should be distributed. The commission, according to Gurung, has suggested allocating 25 percent each to rural municipalities and the province, and 50 percent to the federal government. He noted that 16 rural municipalities in Gandaki Province that fall within the Annapurna Conservation Area, along with Ward-19 of Pokhara, would receive a share of 25 percent.

However, this recommendation is reportedly stalled at the Ministry of Finance. It has been suggested that the 50 percent allocated to the federal government would be given to ACAP and NTNC as management expenses. Gurung added that the commission recommended that the royalties received by provinces and rural municipalities should be spent within the designated conservation areas.

Roads shortening trekking trails

The world-renowned Annapurna trekking region is facing challenges due to road expansion, even in uninhabited areas. This development is disappointing tourists who come to enjoy trekking in the Himalayan region.

Sheshkant Sharma, former president of the Nepal Mountaineering Association’s Gandaki chapter, said while overall tourist numbers in the Annapurna trekking area are at an all-time high, there has been a decline in trekkers from Europe, the US and the UK who prefer longer treks.

“Road expansion has occurred in conservation areas without human settlements”, Sharma said. “Provincial and local governments haven't paid attention to the potential negative impacts. For instance, roads have been extended to uninhabited areas like Kruphu and Hugu Gotha near Kaphuche Lake in the Annapurna Conservation Area,” he added.

In Kruphu, the road was built with federal government funds. In Kapuche, despite requests to consider the sensitivity of the Himalayan region and biodiversity, a hydroelectric project has been constructed up to the base of the mountain.

Sharma said roads are being built to Nar-Phu region (4,200 meters), Dharmashala (4,650 meters) above Muktinath Temple on the way from Manang via Thorong Pass, Aalubaari (3,900 meters) on the Dhaulagiri trekking route, and Yak Kharka (3,860 meters) on the trail to Tilicho Lake from Jomsom.

As a result of road constructions, the Annapurna Circuit trek, which used to take 21 days, can now be completed in just one week. This has led to a decrease in tourists who prefer longer treks.

Conservation expert Dr Hum Bahadur Gurung warns that road network development in uninhabited high Himalayan areas could impact wildlife grazing areas and habitats, and increase the risk of landslides, among other problems.

Annapurna Conservation Area, spanning 7,629 square kilometers in five districts of Gandaki Province, was declared in 1992. The area is home to a population of 92,675 and serves as a vital source of clean water for Pokhara city.

The area is rich in biodiversity, home to over 1,800 plant species, 128 mammal species, 518 bird species, and hundreds of reptiles, amphibians and butterflies. It is the only conservation area in Nepal where all six native pheasant species can be found. The region also boasts cultural significance with sites like Muktinath attracting both Hindu and Buddhist pilgrims.

This story has been produced with the support of the Internews Earth Journalism Network through the Media for Inclusive Green Growth project