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The growing reports of conductors overcharging passengers or deliberately disabling the use of student cards after a certain hour in the evening highlight a pressing concern—why hasn’t the digitization of bus fares been fully embraced? The initiative was first introduced on 14 March 2017, by Sajha Yatayat in Kathmandu, initially implemented on 10 buses along the Lagankhel-New Buspark route. The system aimed to bring efficiency to fare collection and put an end to unfair pricing practices. However, despite its potential to streamline public transportation and ensure transparency, the adoption of smart travel cards remains sluggish.

Sajha Yatayat installed smart travel card readers on both doors of the buses, enabling passengers to pay fares by swiping their cards upon entry and exit. The system deducts fare amounts based on the traveled distance. Sajha planned to expand this system across all routes within the Valley. Smart cards were made available for purchase at the Pulchowk office and Lagankhel bus stop, with recharges facilitated through bus conductors or Sajha offices. Despite these efforts, the adoption of smart cards remains minimal after a year of operation.

Before Sajha Yatayat, city buses operated by Global Metro City Bus Company in Bharatpur and 800 buses in Pokhara adopted smart card technology; these systems failed due to issues such as recharging difficulties, technical malfunctions, and lack of government mandates.

Janak Risal, Assistant manager of Sajha Yatayat office said, “We introduced the bus card digital payment system to better understand the flow of passengers and to know how many passengers were using the bus in which routes. The goal behind this initiative was to keep accurate records of commuters and improve our understanding of bus usage patterns.”

He mentioned that there are fewer regular passengers who consistently use the bus on the same route, and many don’t prioritize getting a monthly bus card subscription. “We’re currently working on improving this, and to raise awareness, we’re displaying the importance of digitization at the front of the bus.”

“We’re also hopeful that other bus services will start coordinating with us, as in the past, private buses haven’t been as involved. Another challenge we face is the lack of WiFi availability on all buses, and we’ve noticed that some elderly passengers struggle to navigate the system. We’re working on addressing these issues to ensure the transition is smooth for everyone,” he added.

Risal explained that many people are unaware of the system, and during a survey, they didn’t see much interest from passengers either. To help raise awareness, they’ve equipped each bus with WiFi, hoping this will encourage people to get familiar with the system over time. “Our plan is to gradually normalize online payments among passengers and, eventually, transition to a completely cashless system on the buses.”

While the idea of a smart card fare system sounds like the perfect solution to Nepal’s long-standing issues with fare collection, its implementation has been anything but smooth. Several challenges continue to hinder the widespread adoption of this digital payment method, keeping Kathmandu’s public transport stuck in its traditional cash-based system. We can know normally that for years, bus conductors and drivers have pocketed a portion of daily fare collections, often reporting only half of their actual earnings to vehicle owners. A fully digital system would track every transaction, cutting off this extra income source.

One regular passenger from Bhaktapur shared, “This is a great initiative for our country. I’ve often seen conductors being rude, and sometimes, when we’re in a hurry, it’s frustrating not having the exact change. With this system, there will be no need to worry about that anymore.”

He said that the government should implement digital payments to reduce travel time, and eliminate the need for exact change. It would simplify drivers’ jobs, provide transparency, and help track payments. “However, challenges such as network issues, resistance to change, and potential technical problems like poor connectivity or low battery for passengers may arise.”

Many countries around the world have successfully embraced innovative changes in infrastructure, technology, and policy, why does Nepal seem hesitant to follow suit? Countries like South Korea, Denmark, and Singapore have adapted to new technologies, improved transportation systems, and embraced environmental reforms with ease. So, why is it that when it comes to implementing similar changes in Nepal, there seems to be a lingering sense of fear or hesitation?

The smart card systems offer seamless and cashless travel, reducing the hassle of carrying change and speeding up the boarding process. They have not only improved the efficiency of public transport but also increased the convenience for citizens. In contrast, Nepal’s public transport system still relies heavily on cash transactions, creating bottlenecks and inefficiencies that could be easily resolved by introducing a similar card-based payment system.

For example, Singapore, where the adoption of a contactless card system revolutionized the city’s transportation network. People embraced the convenience, and within years, it became the norm. Similarly, in South Korea, the T-money card has been integral to a sophisticated, efficient public transport system. 

Yet, in Nepal, the discussion about introducing a bus card system has been slow to gain momentum. The fear of a large upfront investment or the complexity of implementing such a system has kept it on the back burner for years. But what if Nepal’s hesitation isn’t just about cost, but about a deeper reluctance to embrace change? 

Countries that have adopted these smart systems have shown that education and public awareness are key. A bus card system isn’t just a new way to pay for a ride—it’s a cultural shift. If Nepal’s government, bus operators, and the public can come together to educate and raise awareness about the ease and advantages of such a system, the transition could be much smoother than anticipated.

The introduction of a digital fare system raises concerns about job security among conductors. If passengers can simply tap their smart cards and board the bus, the role of a conductor traditionally responsible for fare collection could be diminished, leaving many workers uncertain about their future in public transport. A large portion of Nepal’s transport workforce has limited experience with digital tools, making it difficult for them to transition to a tech-driven system. 

Overcoming these barriers will require more than just technology—it demands a coordinated effort between transport operators, government bodies, and financial institutions to create an integrated, user-friendly, and widely accepted digital fare system.

To ensure fairness and efficiency in the implementation of bus fare systems, the role of technology experts becomes increasingly crucial. With their expertise, we can build robust systems that not only streamline the process but also ensure transparency and fairness for all users. This technological intervention will be essential in creating solutions that prevent fraud, simplify payment methods, and make the entire fare collection system more user-friendly, thereby fostering trust and accessibility for everyone. 

For Nepal’s public transport sector to successfully transition to a digital fare system, government intervention is crucial. One effective approach could be introducing tax incentives for digital payments, encouraging both passengers and transport operators to embrace the change. Valuable lessons can also be drawn from the success of ride-sharing services like Pathao and inDrive, which overcame similar resistance by implementing smart strategies. These included extensive education campaigns for both passengers and drivers, attractive incentives and discounts for digital transactions, simplified and user-friendly technology, strong customer support systems, and close collaboration with regulatory bodies to ensure smooth operations.

According to Madhav Raj Pandey, Section Officer at the Transport Management, The policy to implement an online payment system along with a GPS feature and WiFi in 100 buses is underway. While the integration of these technologies will enhance the efficiency and convenience of the service, it will take time to develop and implement a robust system to ensure seamless functionality.

“The new system will keep a detailed record of all transactions, helping to reduce incidents of conductors overcharging passengers. By securely storing this information, the system will ensure greater transparency and accountability.”

Pandey added, “We’ve been raising awareness about it through Radio FM broadcasts from traffic FM and sharing informative videos on our Facebook page, Newspapers highlighting the importance of these initiatives.”

As Nepal looks towards the future of public transportation, the introduction of a bus card system is just the beginning. The real potential lies in scaling this system to encompass all forms of transport, from taxis to microbuses. Imagine a seamless travel experience where a single card allows access to buses, taxis, and even tempos, making the city’s transport system more connected, efficient, and user-friendly. 

The economic implications of such a digitized transportation system are far-reaching. By moving away from cash-based transactions, Nepal can foster a more transparent and efficient economy. Digitization reduces the cost and risks associated with handling cash, prevents revenue leakage, and increases efficiency for both passengers and operators. With easier tracking of fares, the government can implement better pricing models and even offer incentives or discounts for sustainable transport choices. 

By investing in this digital infrastructure, Nepal can not only modernize its transportation sector but also pave the way for a smarter, more sustainable future. As we look ahead, it’s clear that the future of transport in Nepal is one of innovation, inclusivity, and sustainability. The question is no longer ‘Why?’ but ‘When?’

A well-implemented system benefits everyone, vehicle owners get transparency, drivers and conductors secure earnings, and passengers enjoy fair, hassle-free travel. With the right strategies, Nepal can finally move towards a seamless, digital public transport system.

Have you ever heard of parasocial relationships? Imagine feeling an intense emotional connection to someone who doesn’t even know you exist. It could be an actor whose movies you never miss, a fictional character you adore, an influencer whose posts feel relatable, or a YouTuber you feel deeply connected to. This one-sided attachment, though imaginary, can feel incredibly real. In today’s digital age, where screens bring personalities closer than ever, parasocial relationships—those deep yet one-way emotional bonds—are becoming increasingly common. These relationships involve feelings of attachment, admiration, or affection toward someone who doesn’t reciprocate or even acknowledge your existence.

The term “parasocial interaction” was first introduced in 1956 by sociologists Donald Horton and R. Richard Wohl. They observed that television viewers often formed strong emotional bonds with on-screen personalities, such as talk show hosts and news anchors. These figures appeared approachable and intimate, creating an illusion of friendship despite the one-sided nature of the interaction. Over time, this concept has evolved, especially with the rise of digital media, where parasocial relationships have become more nuanced and widespread.

Parasocial relationships typically progress through three stages. The first stage involves interaction, where a fan begins following or engaging with a celebrity, influencer, or public figure. This could include watching their content, attending events, or interacting on social media. At this point, the connection is primarily one-sided, with the fan being the active participant. In the second stage, the fan starts to feel a deeper sense of connection, often viewing the figure as a “friend” or someone they personally know. They may spend more time consuming the figure’s content and believe in a mutual bond, despite the absence of real interaction. The third stage is marked by intense emotional investment. The fan may feel loyalty, support, and attachment to the figure, possibly leading to over-identification. They might celebrate the figure’s successes as their own and feel personally affected by their actions or life events.

With the evolution of technology, parasocial relationships have adapted to changing media landscapes. While people once felt connected to traditional celebrities like movie stars or TV anchors, they now form bonds with online influencers and even virtual avatars. Platforms like YouTube, TikTok, Instagram, and Facebook have created dynamic spaces for these relationships to flourish. Modern interactive features, such as live streams and comment sections, allow users to engage directly with their favorite personalities, fostering a sense of closeness. Additionally, people continue to form deep attachments to fictional characters from TV shows, movies, and books, experiencing emotions that mirror the characters’ journeys.

One of the key appeals of parasocial relationships is their emotional safety. Since the connection is one-sided, there are no interpersonal conflicts or disagreements. The media personality can be seen as an idealized figure, offering inspiration or aspiration. They provide a sense of connection or belonging to a community, even without direct interaction. Moreover, these relationships are easily accessible, as media personalities are often available through various platforms.

However, there are downsides to these one-sided bonds. Individuals may reduce real-life social engagement, focusing more on their parasocial connections. Media personalities can exploit these emotional bonds for financial gain or personal agendas. The lack of mutual interaction can lead to blurred boundaries, where fans may feel entitled to the attention of their favorite celebrities, resulting in unhealthy expectations and behaviors. In some cases, this can escalate into serious psychological issues, such as loneliness, unrealistic expectations, and emotional distress.

According to Kapil Sharma, a counseling psychologist,  there is also a high chance of a ‘breakup’ in parasocial relationships, where the fan’s connection is disrupted. “This could happen if the public figure becomes less accessible, faces scandals, or stops engaging with their audience.” Sharma explains that such disruptions can leave individuals feeling hurt, confused, or abandoned, leading to emotional withdrawal. “The breakup stage can disrupt sleep and eating habits, as individuals may become overly consumed with the relationship. The lack of reciprocity can lead to emotional dissatisfaction or loneliness. Focusing on parasocial relationships may also negatively impact professional and educational performance, as individuals prioritize media consumption over responsibilities.”

Algorithms play a significant role in reinforcing these relationships. For instance, watching videos of the same person on YouTube can lead to more recommendations, deepening the attachment. Samira Kiju, an 18-year-old fan of the South Korean pop group, BTS, says watching the shows and listening to the music of  his favorite group excites him. “Following BTS for six years has made me feel like I’m growing with them. Even though I’ve never met them, they feel like a part of my life. They motivate me to be confident and love myself. Their live streams feel like phone calls with a long-distance friend, helping me relax after an exhausting day.”

Rabindra Dhant, an MMA fighter in the Asia Pacific region, shares his perspective as a public figure. “I feel happy and motivated by people who form parasocial relationships with me. Sometimes I feel pressure, but I enjoy it because it makes this journey worth it.” He mostly interacts with his fans through Instagram and YouTube. “We motivate each other to be better than we were yesterday.”

Parasocial relationships also extend to fictional characters, who often feel as real as any person in our lives. We laugh, cry, and dream with these characters, forming bonds that blur the line between reality and fiction. They may be products of storytelling, but the emotional attachment they inspire is undeniably powerful.

Parasocial relationships highlight the intricate balance between human emotional connection and modern technology. While they offer comfort, a sense of belonging, and even motivation, they also present challenges that require introspection. As technology continues to reshape how we form connections, it’s worth asking: How deep are our bonds with media figures, and what does this mean for our real-world relationships? Are we truly engaging with each other, or are we becoming more isolated, seeking fulfillment from one-sided bonds? These questions challenge us to reflect on the evolving nature of human interaction in the age of screens and algorithms.

Every day, we witness vehicles speeding recklessly on highways and even narrow roads. The roar of engines revving isn’t just noise; it’s a reminder of the ever-present danger. Overspeeding disrupts traffic, creates fear, and heightens the risk of road accidents that impact everyone—pedestrians, cyclists, and drivers alike.

The number of road accidents caused by overspeeding in Nepal is alarming. Reckless driving puts countless lives at risk daily, with many paying the ultimate price. Overspeeding is not just a traffic violation—it’s a grave threat. Without serious action, Nepal’s roads will continue to be a battlefield where speed takes precedence over safety.

Inspector Jitesh Dahal notes: “Many drivers claim ignorance of speed limits, while others justify it by saying they were in a hurry or made a mistake. Some, particularly younger individuals, speed for the thrill, even engaging in dangerous stunts they consider ‘cool.’”

Overspeeding is most common during off-hours when roads are clear. Two-wheelers are more prone to speeding than four-wheelers, as they can maneuver through narrow spaces with ease. Dahal observes that while official records don’t categorize by age, individuals aged 20-25 tend to speed more, whereas older drivers are generally more disciplined.

Certain areas are hotspots for overspeeding, posing increased risks. Highways, with long stretches and limited monitoring, tempt drivers to ignore speed limits. Residential neighborhoods and school zones, where safety should be paramount, also see reckless speeding, endangering children and pedestrians. These hotspots highlight the urgency for stricter enforcement and awareness campaigns.

Ram Laxmi Shrestha, a roadside resident, says: “I’ve seen many bikes and buses speeding dangerously, leading to potential accidents. Buses from Panauti and Dhulikhel seem to compete with each other. Some motorbikes, especially loud ones like ‘Crossfire,’ appear designed for high speeds. Authorities need to impose strict penalties.”

The reasons for overspeeding vary. For some, it’s the thrill of speed; for others, it’s the pressure of time constraints. When speed limits are loosely monitored and penalties are minimal, drivers feel emboldened to break the rules.

Psychologically, overspeeding is influenced by cognitive biases and emotional states. Optimism bias makes people believe they are less likely to be in an accident. Thrill-seeking behavior and peer pressure also play significant roles, particularly among younger drivers. Social influences encourage reckless driving, as individuals try to impress friends or prove themselves.

Multi-tasking while driving also increases the risk of unintentional speeding. In such situations, drivers lose focus on their surroundings. Counseling psychologist Kapil Sharma says: “Emotions like anger, depression, and anxiety can turn drivers into aggressive riders, leading to impulsive behavior on the road.”

Sharma suggests that visual techniques—such as impactful photos, videos, and slogans—can be highly effective in raising awareness. Placing such messages in prominent locations can serve as constant reminders to drive safely.

Efforts to curb overspeeding include speed cameras, fines, and awareness campaigns. However, gaps in implementation reduce their effectiveness. Speed cameras are often limited to specific areas, leaving many roads unmonitored. Fines may not deter habitual offenders, especially with inconsistent enforcement. Awareness campaigns, though impactful, often fail to reach at-risk groups like young or overconfident drivers.

With technological advancements, solutions like smart speed limiters, AI-powered cameras, and speed-sensing roads could help. However, implementing these measures requires significant investment and public cooperation, emphasizing the need for a comprehensive approach.

Young drivers are more likely to overspeed due to inexperience, peer pressure, and a sense of invincibility. Many take unnecessary risks, speeding through city streets and highways without considering the consequences. Peer pressure plays a key role—many young drivers push their limits to gain social approval. The thrill of speed can be intoxicating, but this reckless attitude often leads to accidents, putting not only themselves but also pedestrians and other road users in danger.

Stricter penalties and enhanced driver education programs are essential to reducing overspeeding, especially among young drivers. However, penalties alone are insufficient. Driver education programs must emphasize the dangers of overspeeding, incorporating real-world scenarios, defensive driving techniques, and the emotional and physical consequences of reckless driving.

As you navigate your daily commute, ask yourself: Is the time saved by speeding worth the potential cost—your life or someone else’s? Every time you press the accelerator, you make a choice. It’s not just about reaching your destination faster; it’s about responsibility. The question is, what kind of driver do you want to be? One who risks lives for speed, or one who values safety? The roads are in our hands—let’s choose to drive responsibly.

Born in the Syangja district in 1977, Dipak Thapa belonged to a modest household. As the youngest of 13 siblings, Thapa wore oversized clothes, embraced the outdoors, and spent hours playing marbles and other imaginative games with his friends.

Thapa wasn’t particularly academically inclined. He got enrolled in the SOS Children’s Village, an institution designed for orphan children but also open to those from families with stable incomes. In grade seven, a question paper leak led him and his friends to tear up their certificates and leave the school in defiance. He was forbidden from coming back.

Thapa found himself drawn to dance. His elder sister and sister-in-law performed cultural dances at Lakeside, Pokhara, and they often took him along. By grade seven, he was dancing at two local hotels, earning a modest salary of Rs 700. Over time, he blended dance with comedy, creating a fusion of entertainment that made him stand out.

Comedy became his second language. He connected with various individuals in the entertainment world, and he was particularly influenced by Sandeep Chhetri. He began to craft his own unique blend of comedy, mixing it with cultural dance in a way that resonated with the audience. His performances brought a fresh, engaging twist to traditional humor.

However, Thapa’s journey was not without its dark moments. For 15 years, he struggled with addiction. His descent into substance abuse began with a friendship that introduced him to brown sugar, a drug he knew was dangerous but failed to resist. He remembers hiding his addiction from his family and friends, sneaking away to friends’ houses or hotel rooms to feed his habit. 

Thapa traveled to Hong Kong for six months, where his addiction continued to weigh on him. His battle with addiction lasted 15 years before he finally broke free. He went to a hotel and requested the staff to lock him in his room for four days.

In a bold move of self-expression, Thapa recently went on the popular show Roadies to publicly share his story of addiction. By doing so, he not only broke the silence around his personal struggles but also marked a significant turning point in his life. 

Thapa’s journey took an unexpected turn when he filled out an audition form for Roadies. “I learned that confidence is the key to achieving anything,” he says. “It doesn’t matter how strong or intelligent you are — without confidence, success will always be out of reach.” This realization, he says, came during his time on Roadies, a platform that tested not only his physical strength but also his belief in himself. 

Thapa has strong views on the evolution of comedy dance in the country. He feels that today’s performances often focus too heavily on the comedy aspect, at the expense of the dance itself. “In today’s comedy dance, I don’t really see much dance,” he says. “They tend to focus more on comedy. But what’s needed is both — comedy and dance. It’s only when the two come together seamlessly that you truly have a comedy dance.” 

His breakthrough moment came with the popular song ‘Ye Baa Kinideu Na Bhatbhate’. Fans would often say his dance had a magical quality that made everyone laugh, and indeed, magic had always fascinated him.

His love for magic was born in his childhood, but it wasn’t until he began to feel that his dancing days might be numbered as he grew older that he decided to explore it more seriously. He reached out to one of the well-known magicians of the time, Balram Sarkar, asking him to teach him the craft. To his surprise, Sarkar agreed and invited him to his home to learn. 

The first lesson, Thapa recalls, took place while they were sharing a meal of meat and rice. “Magic is all about hiding things. The more you master the art of misdirection, the better magician you become,” he says. 

In Nepal, magic is often dismissed as ‘fake,’ a misconception that Thapa works hard to correct. Thapa also highlights a troubling trend in the digital age: “YouTube channels are constantly leaking magic tricks, exposing how they’re done, which undermines the true artistry of magic.” He believes this not only disrespects magicians but also diminishes the craft on a global scale.

He also shares the challenges magicians face in Nepal. “The audience here drives us crazy,” says Thapa. “When performing a trick, people often try to figure out the formula behind it, claiming we’re just hiding things here and there. Every magician does this, but if the same happens with foreign magicians, no one dares to question them.” He says that, in many ways, magicians in Nepal are often underestimated.

Thapa urges the Nepali audience to view magic as an art form and respect its integrity. “If you ever learn the tricks, keep them to yourself,” he says. “Don’t spoil the magic for others. The art deserves to be preserved, not exposed.” His call is simple yet profound: To appreciate magic for what it truly is—a performance that takes skill, creativity, and years of practice.

Thapa often reflects on the limitations faced by Nepali magicians when it comes to the resources required for high-level magic. He cites the example of international magician Dynamo, who is known for walking on water — a stunning feat that requires expensive equipment. “To pull off such tricks, you need significant investment,” he says. “The equipment is costly, and as Nepali magicians, we simply don’t have the means to invest in such high-tech setups.” He humorously adds, “I could make the Dharahara disappear, but the investment it would need is just not within our reach.”

As an artist, Thapa wasn’t limited to just mastering dance or magic. He had a teacher who greatly influenced his approach to expression. When learning dance, he often watched his teacher’s performances closely, particularly the facial expressions that brought the dance to life. This influence led him to incorporate exaggerated facial expressions into his own comedy dance routines. “I used to copy the expressions of my guru,” Thapa recalls. “At one point, my parents thought I had gone crazy because I’d spend hours in front of the mirror practicing them.”

Thapa’s journey has been marked by his encounters with some of the biggest names in the Nepali entertainment industry. When he was just beginning to make a name for himself, he crossed paths with the rising stars of the time, including Dhurmus Suntali. Despite this early connection, he never made it to Kathmandu when the opportunity arose. Santosh Panta had asked him to come to Kathmandu to shoot a music video, but circumstances led to the song being released without him, a decision that Thapa doesn’t regret.

One of the most significant moments in Thapa’s career came when he spent five years performing alongside two of the most respected figures in Nepali comedy, Hari Bansha Acharya and Madan Krishna Shrestha. “We shared the stage for five years, and they said  something that really stuck with me,” he says. “They said they couldn’t copy what I did, but I could copy everything they did.” That compliment, coming from such legendary figures, was deeply inspiring.

“Many people told me that if I wanted to do something big, I had to come to Kathmandu,” says Thapa. “But I’ve always believed that success isn’t tied to a specific place. If you have the right mindset and determination, you can achieve your goals no matter where you are.” This philosophy has guided him throughout his career, proving that talent, hard work, and confidence can create boundless opportunities.

Thapa has a bold vision for the future of magic in Nepal. He dreams of a Magic Association House being established in the country. It would be a place where magicians can come together to create shows, hold competitions, and advance the craft. “I believe Nepal needs a dedicated space for magicians to grow, collaborate, and inspire one another,” he says. If no one else takes the initiative, he’s determined to make it happen. “I will take a loan if I have to, but I will surely do it,” he says, adding that his goal is to continue performing magic shows and exploring new tricks, ensuring that the art form flourishes in Nepal.

On Sept 20, 2023, Nepal launched its first Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) lane, connecting Bhaktapur’s Suryabinayak to Kathmandu’s Ratna Park. This initiative was introduced with the aim of improving public transportation efficiency, particularly during peak hours (9–11 am and 4–6 pm), by reducing traffic congestion and ensuring faster travel times for commuters. While the BRT lane represents a significant step toward addressing Kathmandu’s chronic traffic problems, it has also sparked a debate about its necessity and effectiveness. Could the resources allocated to this project have been better utilized to address more pressing urban challenges, such as the delays faced by emergency medical services? This question is particularly relevant in a city where traffic congestion often prevents ambulances from reaching hospitals in time, putting lives at risk.

The BRT lane was conceived as a solution to Kathmandu’s worsening traffic congestion, which has long been a source of frustration for residents and a barrier to economic productivity. According to experts from the transport ministry, the dedicated bus lane was designed to streamline public transportation, reduce delays, and provide a more reliable alternative to private vehicles. By separating buses from general traffic, the BRT lane aimed to ensure faster and more predictable travel times, especially during rush hours when the city’s roads are most congested.

However, the success of the BRT lane depends heavily on effective management and enforcement. While the initiative has shown some promise, its impact has been limited by underutilization outside peak hours and the persistent challenges of traffic management in Kathmandu. Buses often remain stuck in traffic, disrupting schedules and frustrating both passengers and drivers. This raises questions about whether the BRT lane could have been designed to serve a dual purpose, such as accommodating emergency vehicles during non-peak hours.

While the BRT lane addresses the issue of public transportation efficiency, it does little to alleviate the challenges faced by emergency medical services. In Kathmandu, ambulances often struggle to navigate through gridlocked streets, leading to delayed response times that can have life-threatening consequences. The sound of ambulance sirens is a common yet distressing feature of the city’s soundscape, serving as a constant reminder of the urgent need for better infrastructure to support emergency services.

Jamali Tamang, a regular bus commuter, shared her observations: “I’ve seen ambulances stuck in traffic during peak hours. It’s frustrating and heartbreaking. Dedicated lanes for emergency vehicles could save lives.” Tamang also emphasized the importance of public awareness campaigns to educate citizens about the importance of keeping such lanes clear. She suggested that the BRT lane could be repurposed for ambulance use during non-peak hours, allowing both buses and emergency vehicles to coexist without compromising efficiency.

Ambulance drivers, who are on the front lines of this crisis, echo these concerns. Nim Bahadur Oli Chettri, four years experienced ambulance driver, recounted his struggles: “It’s incredibly challenging to navigate crowded roads. While some drivers make their way, others ignore us, wasting precious minutes.” Chettri, who previously worked as a bus and truck driver in Saudi Arabia, highlighted the stark contrast in infrastructure and policies between the two countries. “In Saudi Arabia, emergency services are systematic and efficient. Here, the lack of clear policies and infrastructure makes it much harder.”

Several cities around the world have successfully implemented measures to prioritize emergency vehicles, offering valuable lessons for Kathmandu. In Japan, for instance, there are no dedicated ambulance lanes, but strict road rules require drivers to yield to emergency vehicles. This culture of discipline and respect for emergency services ensures that ambulances can navigate through traffic with minimal delays. Similarly, Singapore has experimented with converting certain lanes for emergency use during peak hours, while the UK allows ambulances to use shoulders or middle lanes when necessary. In South Korea, designated lanes in some areas ensure faster emergency responses, particularly in major cities like Seoul.

These examples demonstrate that with proper planning and enforcement, emergency lanes can significantly improve response times. However, implementing such measures in Kathmandu presents unique challenges due to the city’s inadequate road infrastructure and lack of clear policies.

Kathmandu’s road infrastructure remains ill-equipped to handle the growing number of vehicles on its streets. Narrow roads, haphazard parking, and poor traffic management exacerbate congestion, leaving ambulances stranded in traffic. Ganesh Man Singh Rai, an Information Officer at the Department of Transport Ministry, acknowledged these challenges: “Our limited resources and road capacity make dedicated emergency lanes seem almost impossible. However, traffic officers do their best to prioritize ambulances.” Rai emphasized the need for improved road infrastructure and stakeholder collaboration to make such initiatives feasible.

“Designating a dedicated lane for emergency vehicles is undoubtedly a good idea, but the challenge lies in ensuring its effective implementation across the numerous roads we have. The real solution, however, also depends on the honesty and discipline of drivers and riders. When they responsibly move aside to allow emergency vehicles to pass, significant improvements become visible, enabling ambulances to navigate more efficiently”, he added.

SP Sanjay Bahadur Raut, Spokesperson of the Kathmandu Valley Traffic Police Office, echoed these sentiments. “While dedicated emergency lanes are a good idea, their implementation is challenging due to narrow roads and increasing vehicle numbers. A balanced approach is essential to accommodate all road users.” Raut highlighted the efforts of traffic officers to clear paths for ambulances, even creating space from opposite lanes in urgent situations. “Every second counts in emergencies, and we prioritize getting ambulances through as quickly as possible.”

He shared, “In urgent situations, when there is high traffic, some of us may even go as far as creating space from the opposite side of the road. This is a rare and considerate act as we prioritize the safety and speed of emergency responders.”

The consequences of delayed emergency responses are dire. Dr. Manoj Yadav, an emergency medical officer at Everest Hospital, shared alarming insights: “We’ve seen patients’ conditions worsen due to traffic delays. Dedicated ambulance lanes could save lives.” He explained that ambulances in Nepal vary in functionality, from basic models to advanced units equipped like mini ICUs. However, even the best-equipped ambulances are rendered ineffective if they cannot reach patients in time. “Many patients die en route to hospitals, especially when traveling from distant locations,” Yadav added.

Yadav also highlighted the disparities in ambulance services across the country. “The hospital provides ambulances with some facilities, but many vehicles from other hospitals only offer oxygen, and some don’t even provide that. There are three types of designated ambulances: the general ambulance, which has no special facilities and is used only for non-emergency cases; the semi-ambulance, which includes basic support for minor injuries and accidents; and the advanced ambulance, which is equipped with ECG, ventilation, and designed like a mini ICU for more critical patients.”

The growing urban challenges in Kathmandu demand innovative solutions. Repurposing underutilized transit lanes for emergency vehicles could address critical gaps in the city’s emergency response system. Strict enforcement mechanisms would be necessary to prevent misuse, ensuring these lanes remain clear for life-saving purposes. Public awareness campaigns could also play a vital role in fostering a culture of responsibility among drivers.

Ultimately, the BRT lane represents progress, but its limitations highlight the need for a more holistic approach to urban planning. By prioritizing emergency services and improving road infrastructure, Kathmandu can transform its transportation system into one that not only moves people efficiently but also saves lives. The time has come to rethink idle transit lanes and turn them into pathways that serve the greater good.

The introduction of the BRT lane in Kathmandu is a commendable effort to address the city’s traffic congestion. However, its underutilization outside peak hours and the pressing need for better emergency response infrastructure suggest that a more balanced approach is needed. Dedicated ambulance lanes, combined with improved road infrastructure and public awareness campaigns, could save countless lives and ensure that emergency services are not hindered by traffic. As Kathmandu continues to grow, it is imperative that urban planning prioritizes not only efficiency but also the well-being and safety of its residents. By learning from global examples and fostering collaboration among stakeholders, the city can create a transportation system that truly serves the needs of all its citizens.

It’s a familiar tale. As the dry season arrives, fires dominate the headlines—whether they are forest fires consuming acres of greenery or house fires wreaking destruction in urban areas. Though seasonal, these incidents leave lasting impacts on ecosystems, livelihoods, and resources. They serve as sobering reminders of nature’s power and our vulnerabilities. In Nepal, as in regions like California, forest fires are an annual occurrence, forcing us to confront not only the immediate aftermath but also broader implications for climate, biodiversity, and public safety.

Nepal’s diverse landscape, ranging from the low-lying Tarai plains to the rugged Himalayan hills, makes it particularly prone to forest fires during the dry season. Regions most at risk include the Terai belt, Siwalik hills, and mid-hill areas, where dense vegetation, prolonged dry spells, and windy conditions create ideal conditions for fire outbreaks. These vulnerabilities are exacerbated by the combination of flammable vegetation and human negligence.

Topography, climate, and vegetation significantly influence the frequency and intensity of forest fires. The dry season, stretching from January to April, brings low humidity and rising temperatures, which dry out undergrowth and make forests highly susceptible to ignition. Human activities such as slash-and-burn agriculture, careless disposal of cigarettes, and unregulated land clearing often act as triggers, further escalating the problem.

The consequences of forest fires in Nepal are wide-reaching, affecting both the environment and society. Environmentally, they lead to significant biodiversity loss as countless plant and animal species perish or lose their habitats. Soil degradation hampers forest regeneration, while the release of carbon emissions contributes to climate change. On the social front, fires exacerbate health issues, with air pollution increasing respiratory illnesses. Communities may face displacement as fires destroy homes and disrupt livelihoods, underscoring the urgent need for effective prevention and response measures.

Parashuram Poudel, Under-Secretary at the Ministry of Forests, stated, “In Nepal, forest fires are an annual menace, exacerbated by human negligence and traditional practices. We’ve been organizing campaigns like ‘Ban Dadhelo Niyantran Saptaha’ to educate communities about fire prevention. Careless behaviors, such as discarding cigarettes along roadsides, often ignite dry vegetation. Poachers also play a role, deliberately setting fires to trap and kill wildlife.”

“In hilly regions, people burn dry grass and leaves, believing it fosters new growth. While this tradition is deeply rooted, it poses significant risks,” Poudel added. “We’ve been working to raise awareness about climate change in villages, but people’s livelihoods are intertwined with nature. Animals depend on these forests, and the lack of rainfall this season has worsened the situation.”

Mahabharat in Kavre is one of the hardest-hit areas, where containing fires at early stages remains a challenge. “Despite deploying firefighters and equipment, limited manpower is a critical issue,” Poudel said.

Meteorologist Ujjwal Upadhyay noted that there is no indication of rainfall in the coming week. “Compared to the last two years, the pattern hasn’t changed significantly. However, over the past 4–5 years, we’ve observed notable shifts, such as consecutive winters without rainfall during this period. Previously, occasional rainfall was more common.”

Upadhyay explained that the absence of rainfall has led to rising temperatures and increasingly dry conditions. “In Gandaki Province, the risk of forest fires is heightened by factors like extensive forested areas and less frequent human activity, which allows dry leaves to accumulate. In contrast, in Madhes, frequent forest visits for leaf collection and grazing prevent such buildup, reducing fire risks,” he said. He cautioned that from late February onwards, fire incidents are likely to increase due to the combination of prolonged dryness, rising temperatures, and accumulated dry leaves.

Addressing the growing threat of forest fires in Nepal requires urgent and coordinated efforts. The devastating environmental and social impacts underscore the need for proactive measures. Solutions include awareness campaigns, sustainable forest management, and enhanced firefighting resources. Effective action demands collaboration among the government, local communities, and international organizations. By adopting sustainable strategies, Nepal can protect its biodiversity, safeguard livelihoods, and mitigate the destructive impact of forest fires.

The International Day of Education, celebrated on January 24, is a day dedicated to recognizing the fundamental role education plays in empowering individuals, transforming societies, and driving sustainable change across the globe. As we mark this important occasion, it’s essential to reflect on the challenges and opportunities that exist within education systems worldwide. ApEx spoke to three educators to explore the multifaceted role education plays in shaping our future and to discuss how we can collectively work towards a more inclusive and accessible education system.

Asif Maharjan, 18

Grade six tutor

The internet and AI have made research and access to information far easier than ever before. Despite the advancements, the education sector faces numerous challenges. Children are heavily dependent on the internet, mobile devices, and AI which have noticeably impacted their creativity. I’ve observed that students often depend on teachers even for simple solutions. To change that, I think it’s a good idea to introduce enjoyable activities alongside academics so that students can develop a love for learning while also acquiring new skills. To enhance critical thinking, students must participate in creative and problem-solving activities that stimulate both their curiosity and their ability to think independently. This approach will help students develop a well-rounded perspective on the world.

Anuska Lama, 23

Primary school teacher

Education today transcends mere knowledge acquisition, focusing on critical thinking, creativity, and holistic development. Many institutions embrace the 4H approach: Head (knowledge), Heart (behavior), Hand (skills), and Health (physical and mental well-being). This approach fosters inclusivity, digital proficiency, and adaptability in diverse environments. In Nepal, limited resources, undertrained teachers, language barriers, and political interference hinder progress, especially in rural areas. To address these, I think we must focus on creating safe and inclusive learning spaces. Diverse teaching materials, group activities, and tailored feedback help students thrive academically and socially. Promoting grit involves setting achievable goals, fostering a growth mindset, and celebrating progress. 

Rajan Phelu, 37

College teacher

Knowledge is no longer restricted to traditional classrooms with the growth of the internet and digital platforms. People are using virtual classrooms, online learning platforms, and educational apps particularly since the COVID-19 pandemic. Access to high-quality education is still unequal worldwide, despite the fact that digital platforms are making education more widely available. There are significant obstacles for many marginalized groups, low-income families, people living in rural areas, and children with disabilities. Inclusive education is key to addressing diverse learning needs. Varied instructional methods, such as project-based assessments, group discussions, and practical exercises, ensure meaningful participation for all students. Teachers can foster engagement by integrating real-world problem-solving, design thinking, and student-led learning.

Ram Kishan has been the Country Director of Plan International Nepal since May 2022. With over 26 years of experience in humanitarian and development programming, he has worked in various countries, including India, Sri Lanka, the Philippines, Indonesia, Nepal, Bangladesh, Afghanistan, Sierra Leone, Malawi, and Nigeria. Shreya Shrestha from ApEx talks to Kishan regarding Plan’s initiatives in Nepal. Excerpts from the interview:

How does Plan International Nepal’s vision for all girls and women standing strong to create global change translate into actionable strategies?

At Plan International Nepal, we are committed to supporting girls, and the focus of all our programs is to ensure they are gender-transformative, especially focusing on young girls and young women. We achieve this by implementing inclusive, transformative, and empowering processes within a lifecycle approach. We work across the lifecycle of a child, starting from conception to birth, addressing early childhood development and cognitive development, and providing education. Our programs aim to create a better space in society for their empowerment. As they transition from childhood to adulthood, we focus on skill-building to ensure they can secure meaningful employment and delay the age of marriage. At Plan International, we believe that addressing Child, Early, and Forced Marriage requires collective action from all stakeholders. We strongly urge everyone to work together to ensure that the legal marriage age in Nepal is not reduced.

One of our fundamental beliefs is that preventing early and forced marriages leads to transformative change for girls and women. While we aim to make Nepal free of child, early, and forced marriages, the issue encompasses various social, economic, and gender-related aspects that must be addressed. Often, girls marry early due to economic pressures and entrenched social norms. To tackle these challenges, we adopt a comprehensive, transformative approach embedded within the lifecycle framework.

Can you share a success story to demonstrate  how your program has fostered leadership among girls and young women in Nepal?

We have a program called ‘Champion of Change (CoC),’ which is an 18-month module that we normally run with children aged 10-24. There are two different cohorts: one for ages 10-15 and another for ages 16-24. This program creates a space where young girls, boys, and women come together to discuss their issues. They undergo lifecycle training, which is part of their education and also supports their empowerment. This program has brought transformative change in the lives of girls. They have come together to prevent abuse, work with authorities to report cases of abuse, bullying, or family issues, and, in many cases, fight against child marriage. When they find themselves being forced into marriage by their families, they feel empowered to report it to the authorities.

For example, in Bardiya, within a minority Muslim community, I met a girl who was actively campaigning to prevent child marriage in her community. She herself successfully convinced her parents not to marry her off early. As part of the CoC campaign, she is now an ambassador in her community, engaging with religious leaders, municipalities, and others to ensure that child marriage does not occur. From what we have observed, the CoC program is empowering young people to stand up for their rights and fight for them. It is one of our initiatives that I believe is bringing very visible changes.

What are the biggest challenges faced by the young women in Nepal when it comes to becoming leaders, and how does the plan address these obstacles?

As we know, gender norms are an issue we need to address. In a patriarchal society, it is primarily male-dominated, where girls and women often do not have an equal voice. While we aim to bring about changes for girls and women in society, we must work with men, boys, girls, and women together to tackle these issues collectively. There are many ways to do this. For instance, Nepal has laws that treat everyone equally, with no discrimination. The constitution guarantees equal rights. However, social norms often hinder equal opportunities for girls and women, requiring transformative change at the community, family, and societal levels. Religious and community leaders play a crucial role in creating space for such changes. Nepal’s local government act reserves seats for women in local government. However, we often see that women holding these positions, such as deputy mayors, are not directly elected as mayors. This is partly due to a lack of support from families and communities. While this representation is a good start, achieving true transformative change will take time. Historically, even in Europe and America, women were denied the right to vote for many years, whereas Nepal granted this right from the beginning.

Nepal has the right policies and laws in place, but the challenge lies in addressing social norms and creating a more positive environment for everyone to thrive. Promoting women’s leadership must begin early; we cannot wait until they are 18 or 20 to encourage them to become leaders. Efforts should start at the school and family levels, ensuring boys and girls are given the same opportunities. For example, when girls speak in public forums, they should not be silenced simply because they are girls. Both boys and girls have equal capabilities, but the difference lies in the opportunities provided to them. We need to create an environment where girls and women can advocate for their rights, address their issues, and gain leadership and representation in local, provincial, and federal governments.

As I mentioned, we follow a lifecycle approach. From the beginning, we work at the school level, engaging with child clubs to include girls in leadership roles. Many child clubs now have girls as presidents, and we have seen girls taking on mentorship roles. These mentors address larger operational issues and engage with authorities to bring about change. For economic empowerment, we focus on livelihood opportunities, skill-building, and entrepreneurship for women aged 18 and above. One of our theories of change is that an economically empowered girl has a stronger voice. In families where women work, they often have greater influence in decision-making, particularly regarding their children. 

How do you engage male allies and the broader community in promoting girls leadership?

While we work with girls and women, we cannot ignore the importance of boys and men in their lives. Our approach includes working with fathers and brothers. In the ‘Champion of Change’ program, we involve both boys and girls. This ensures we are not working in isolation with only girls but fostering mutual understanding of each other's rights and the challenges they face. In the Early Childhood Development (ECD) program, we have a fathers’ group because early childhood development involves aspects like nurturing children, nutrition, and managing family resources—responsibilities that cannot fall solely on mothers. Fathers must also be involved.

We also work on sexual and reproductive health and rights, ensuring fathers are aware of the menstruation cycle and the needs of girls, as there is significant discrimination during menstruation. We involve fathers and educate them on how to support the women and girls in their families. The fathers’ group we work with has become sensitive and empowered, actively supporting their children during menstruation and throughout their lives. Everyone’s role is essential, but at the family level, fathers hold a particularly important place. 

How does the plan ensure gender responsive humanitarian programming during a crisis?

We understand that humanitarian crises affect everyone, but they disproportionately impact those who are more vulnerable and have less voice. For example, during the 2015 earthquake, the number of women and children who died was significantly higher than that of men. This disparity can be attributed to various factors, such as a lack of preparedness and the fact that many women, as homemakers, were inside their homes when the disaster struck. To address this, we must ensure that community-level disaster preparedness plans include everyone. These plans should not only focus on men and boys but also actively involve women and girls including children with disabilities, enabling them to contribute effectively when a response is needed.

Here’s a simple example: more men know how to swim compared to women and girls. In the event of a flood, this increases the likelihood of women drowning. By including swimming lessons for women as part of disaster preparedness, a small intervention can have a long-term impact. Similarly, when considering what to pack in a grab bag during a flood evacuation, it’s crucial to account for women’s needs, such as sanitary pads, to ensure their safety and comfort in crisis situations. In relief camps, if shelters are designed without privacy considerations—for instance, providing community shelters that lack private spaces for breastfeeding mothers or those who need personal areas—we fail to address gender-specific needs.

At Plan International Nepal, we believe it is essential to consider the needs of everyone in our planning. Disaster response must be gender-sensitive, ensuring that relief materials, program approaches, and community engagement are inclusive. By involving everyone in the process, we can create transformative, inclusive responses that address the needs of all individuals.

Can you share examples of recent humanitarian  efforts where the Plan International has scaled up effectively in Nepal?

Firstly, let me give you an example of the Jajarkot earthquake that occurred last year. We responded by providing support to over 4,000 households with relief kits. There could have been a standard approach of distributing hygiene kits to everyone, which typically include hygiene materials for a family. However, we conducted a more detailed analysis at the micro level to identify the specific needs of mothers who were breastfeeding and required specialized relief items. As a result, we developed a separate kit called the ‘dignity kit’, which included sanitary pads and specially designed gowns for women to make breastfeeding easier. These kits also contained materials tailored to their unique needs, which were not necessary for everyone. These thoughtfully designed kits were targeted and distributed to the households that needed them most.

Another example is from when we were designing buckets for water collection. Typically, women are the ones who fetch water, and in the market, buckets are often larger, designed to carry more water at once. However, we decided to reduce the size of the buckets from 20 liters to 14 liters, considering the physical burden on women.

How does the plan collaborate with local NGOs, community based organizations and the government to achieve its goal?

It’s not easy to address humanitarian and development needs without the support of organizations and the government because the scale of the requirements is so vast. That’s why we collaborate with other international and national NGOs in Nepal to ensure coordinated efforts. When we work together, we avoid duplicating efforts; for example, if someone is already working in the education sector, we don’t replicate their work. This is the essence of coordination. We also engage with the local government before starting our work. We ensure that we have a clear understanding with them, explaining why we are coming, what resources we are bringing, and the issues we aim to address. This level of coordination with local governments and partners is critical.

Our organization follows a localization approach, recognizing that local actors and NGOs understand their context better than international organizations. We leverage their knowledge and focus on building transformative partnerships rather than transactional ones. We don’t believe in simply transferring resources and moving on. Instead, we aim for partnerships that lead to long-term impact. In these partnerships, we provide support to local NGOs that may lack certain capacities. This includes assistance with strategy development, government engagement, and program delivery. While we step in when necessary, we allow our partners to take the lead because they have the legitimacy to address issues of local importance, including advocacy and policy work.

What is your vision for Nepal in the next decade in terms of gender equality, girls leadership and ending child marriage?

The vision is to create a more inclusive, equal, and safe society for girls and women, where everyone can thrive and reach their full potential. This vision is strongly reflected in Nepal’s constitution and is embedded in all relevant laws. We aim to align our work with the Government of Nepal’s commitment to its citizens, not to create something parallel but to build upon this commitment.

The government has developed the 16th Plan and committed to the Sustainable Development Goals. We aspire to be a partner in helping the government achieve these goals, particularly the 16th Plan. At the same time, we want to ensure that gender-inclusive and gender-transformative work becomes an integral part of the broader global agenda. Ultimately, we envision a society that is inclusive, safe, and equal for all.

How can the global community contribute to and support those efforts?

Plan International is a global organization working in 85 countries around the world. We raise resources to support our work in Nepal through the contributions of individual supporters, corporations, philanthropists, and international governments. These resources allow us to continue our efforts. Although Nepal is set to graduate from the Least Developed Countries (LDC) category in 2026, the realities on the ground will not change overnight. Of the three indicators for LDC graduation, Nepal has met two, but the most important economic and social aspects have not been significantly impacted. This highlights the continued need for resources.

The international community must remain aware that poverty persists in Nepal. While hunger may not be as widespread as in other countries, it remains a concern, particularly in a remittance-based economy like Nepal’s. 

What message would you like to share with stakeholders, partners and communities to support Plan International’s mission?

One of the key messages is that we have been working in Nepal for forty-five years, and we are committed to continuing our work here. However, this would not be possible without the support we receive from our stakeholders. These stakeholders include our partners, the government at all levels—federal, provincial, and local—the communities we work with, and, importantly, our supporters in national organizations across Europe, America, and Asia. Their support is crucial to ensuring that we meet our commitments and achieve the strategic goals we have set for ourselves. The next five years will continue the strategy that has already completed its first year. We are committed to ensuring that the changes we are working toward are achieved in the remaining four years.