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At least three persons died when a speeding tipper hit a shelter home at Sankhu in the Capital early this morning.

The tipper (Ba 2 Ka 6580) hit the shelter home run by the Conflict Victims and Disable Society Organization at around 3:40 am in Salambutar, Shankharapur Municipality-6, Kathmandu. 

Spokesperson at the District Police Range and Superintendent of Police (SP) Apil Raj Bohara said that 10 people were sleeping in the room when the accident happened and three of them died.

It is said that 61 individuals were residing in the shelter home of the organization run by Yubraj Thapa.

Akash (21), Suman (21) and Harizan (45) died while receiving treatment at Nepal Medical College, Jorpati.

Police have impounded the vehicle and arrested its driver Sagar Majhi (25) of Sindhupalchowk for investigation.

Nepal’s conservation narratives revolve around two compelling stories of positive biodiversity trajectories. First one is the story of forest cover gain. As reported by national forest resource assessment, Nepal successfully increased its forest cover from 29 to 40 percent between 1990s and 2010. Likewise, a NASA funded study found that Nepal's forest cover nearly doubled from 26 to 44 percent between 1992 and 2016. Second story features surges in the population of flagship species, especially tiger and rhino. These successes build on adoption of the increasingly participatory forestry and protected area system. Nepal has formally protected a quarter of land for biodiversity. Similarly, Nepal is well-known for its community forestry model, having managed over 23,000 forest user groups. The model has been successful in reducing deforestation, a major driver of biodiversity loss. 

Despite these impressive figures and narratives in conservation, challenges persist and more specifically biodiversity is dwindling at an unprecedented rate. Biodiversity loss is often slow and unnoticeable, yet irreversible. The eroding biodiversity is often masked by few selected catchy figures of positive trajectories. People have often equated forest cover gain as biodiversity conservation. 

Jalthal forest, a biodiversity-rich relic forest in the south eastern lowland Nepal probably stands best as an example site of biodiversity loss, despite the success in increasing forest cover over the last two decades.

Survived ‘biodiversity hotspot’

Jalthal forest is a remnant of once a thick and contiguous charkose jungle in the southern lowland. The relict forest somehow managed to survive both state organised and unorganised deforestation during 1950s to 1970s. Now the forest 'island' is surrounded by human settlement and agriculture fields. Merely a 6,100-hectare forest patch in Jhapa district is known for its rich flora, fauna and ecosystems. 

Recent research conducted in the forest has unraveled the rich and impressive figures of its diversity. The forest hosts nearly 600 species of plants and 240 species of birds. The isolated forest covers only 0.1 percent of the country’s forest but is home to nearly a quarter of Nepal’s total of 600 tree species, along with a diversity of butterflies, snakes, frogs and fishes. The forest is also a home to several threatened species like Asiatic elephant, Chinese pangolin and Elongated tortoise.   

The forest’s fame is not limited to high richness and presence of threatened species. The forest is the westernmost reach of southeast Asian tree species, this makes Jalthal a place of great biogeographic significance. The forest features the highest density of the iconic Latahar tree in Nepal. 

Forest’s rich and unique biodiversity has significantly contributed to the wellbeing of local people. It’s a source of a myriad of forest products, ranging from wild berries to timber to nearly 80,000 people living around it. Over 150 species of trees are used by local people for various purposes, among these about 50 species are edible fruits.

Conservation by communities

The forest has been managed by local communities as community forests for the last two decades, which was under the custody of the Department of Forest. A study analyzing satellite images over different points in time over two decades confirmed that forest cover has been increased, which can solely be attributed to community management. Anyone traveling through the forest can see small-sized growing trees in the forest. Successional trees in the forest means the forest is growing back. Community forest user groups (CFUGs) have protected forest from encroachment and controlled otherwise pervasive hunting in the forest. Simultaneously, CFUGs have also regulated collection and distribution of forest products. CFUGs are important and regarded democratic and inclusive institutions engaged in local socio-economic affairs. 

Dwindling biodiversity in conserved forest

There are many positive results: forest has been protected, forest cover increased and more trees are growing under community forest management. However, looking closely into the forest data gives a looming scenario of biodiversity loss on multiple fronts.    

Among the 155-tree species in the forest, several are rare and locally threatened. Sadan, a multipurpose legume tree species which used to be abundant in parts of the forest until three decades ago, is one of the species recently extinct? from the forest. Similarly, trees of small Thakal (Dwarf date palm), Satisal (Indian rosewood), Mallido (Silveberry), Khamari (White teak) are functionally extinct from the forest as well. In the most serious note, several species have a very small population to sustain themselves in the forest. 

Muse mriga (Indian Chevrotain, Machhai Laitham in Meche language) is among the mammals of rare sighting in Nepal inhabited Jalthal forest. Local people have not spotted the species in recent decades. 

While the overall number of trees are increasing in the forest, several trees are facing uncertainty. Latahar is one of the common and iconic tree species in the forest, evidence clearly shows that its population is distorted. The lack of saplings and pole-sized trees in the forest indicates future uncertainty of the species. 

Tree cover gain in Jalthal can be attributed to plantation, the forest has nearly 300,000 ‘established plantation trees’. The established trees have a large share of exotic species like Teak and Eucalyptus which are not friendly to forest biodiversity.   

During the past two decades, invasive species have increased abruptly in the forest. Over half of the forest has been affected by invasive species like Lahare Banmara. Wetlands are degraded by Jalkumbhi. Invasive species indeed are a credible proxy of forest degradation as they hamper native species, ecosystems and also work as fuel source for forest fire. 

Dependency in forest has been decreased in Nepal in general. However, the case of Jalthal is different. Everyday several hundreds of people enter the forest mainly for firewood and fodder. This has exerted an unprecedented pressure on rare and threatened species in the forest. Simultaneously, CFUGs have largely failed to devise actions and provide alternatives to reduce pressure on the forest.

Conservation of the ‘hotspot’ at the crossroad

Having continuously worked in biodiversity research and conservation action with communities in Jalthal forest for the last six years, I witnessed the paradox of conservation and degradation in the forest. Fresh data on forest biodiversity and its status has sensitised communities and local stakeholders towards appreciation of biodiversity. Conservation of some rare trees have been initiated. Actionable and successful models of invasive species management and forest restoration have been demonstrated. 

Despite efforts of forest user groups, wildlife hunting continues which puts critically endangered species like Pangolin and elongated tortoise at risk of local extinction. Complete control of wildlife hunting by CFUGs alone is a difficult task. 

While CFUGs have started activities towards conservation and restoration of Jalthal forest, there still lacks strong motivation towards long term outcomes. It seems that user groups are much inclined towards short term results like plantation rather than protection and promotion of natural regeneration. Forest has tremendous potential for natural regeneration but this potential has not been adequately appreciated in policies and practices. 

Existing management in the forest lacks commitment for long term biodiversity and restoration outcomes. Conventional mindset of forest management in Tarai prioritises Sal trees, which evidently undermines biodiversity value of forest. In addition, authorities have been lackluster in embracing scientific evidence and translating them into policies. These all put forest at the cross-road of conservation and degradation.

Biodiversity conservation does not cost extra

Given that a quarter of land area is dedicated for biodiversity conservation, people often argue for intensive management of community forests for timber. This argument sees all forests equal, promotes blanket policies and overlooks extraordinary biodiversity significance of forests like Jalthal. Given the growing pressure on forest for timber production, Jalthal's diversity will be further threatened. A win-win strategy could be prioritising forest patches for timber production and conservation. We have promising scientific theories that can guide integration of conservation and production in the same forest unit. 

In addition, we can develop incentive mechanisms for communities that contribute to conservation. Biodiversity is also a global environmental concern, therefore, the global community should contribute in conservation elsewhere. 

Despite dwindling biodiversity, Jalthal remnant forest still offers the opportunity to conserve Nepal's rich tree flora, tropical evergreen forest patches and the largest stand of Latahar trees. Conservation of its biodiversity and restoration of degraded forest patches using ecological approaches indeed offers a nature-based solution in building a resilient forest landscape in the era of climatic uncertainty. We need serious actions and strong will power to conserve and restore the forest by capitalising scientific evidence on hand. Delayed action could be costly and the loss may be irreversible.

Nepal Rastra Bank (NRB) has shortlisted six audit forms for Extensive Asset Quality Review (Loan Portfolio Review) of 10 commercial banks of the country. The shortlisted companies include audit firms from Sri Lanka, India, Bangladesh and Nepal. 

According to a notice from the NRB, Deloitte Partners from Sri Lanka, Howladar Yunus & Co from Bangladesh, and KPMG Assurance & Consulting Services and MSKA & Associates from India have been shortlisted for the loan portfolio review of 10 Nepali commercial banks. Proposals from three venture entities have also been shortlisted. They include Subedi & Associates of Nepal, and Mehra Goel & Co and JKSS & Associates of India; and BK Agrawal of Nepal and SR Batliboi & Associates. 

Subedi & Associates is the lead partner in the joint venture of three firms. 

The NRB is selecting an international audit firm for loan quality review as per a condition set by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) while approving the Extended Credit Facility (ECF) for Nepal. Expressing concerns over the quality of loans disbursed by major banks, the potential risks associated with non-performing assets (NPAs) and the overall impact on the country’s financial stability, the IMF had set assessment of loan quality of major Nepali banks as a condition for its support.  

This is the second time that the NRB initiated the process of procuring the service of international audit firms for the loan portfolio review of 10 major banks. In March last year, NRB invited proposals from foreign audit consultancies. Out of five firms shortlisted at that time, only KPMG India was selected for the financial proposal round. But after KPMG submitted a proposal with costs exceeding the estimated budget, NRB canceled the entire process.

The assessment was supposed to begin by April 2024 and be completed by Dec 2024, with a corrective action plan to be implemented from Feb 2025 based on the findings. 

After the IMF expressed concern over the delay, the NRB reissued the call for proposals in December. The central bank has also revised the qualification criteria for the selection process. The minimum score required for qualification of the proposal has been reduced from 70 to 60. The evaluation criteria include 50 percent for qualifications, 40 percent for experience and 10 percent for capability.

Ten commercial banks with highest credit disbursement as of the last fiscal year (mid-July) will have their loan portfolio assessed by the selected audit firm. They include Global IME, Nabil Bank, Nepal Investment Mega Bank, Kumari Bank, NIC Asia Bank, Laxmi Sunrise Bank, Rastriya Banijya Bank, Himalayan Bank, Prabhu Bank Agricultural Development Bank.

These banks had disbursed a total of Rs 2,896bn in loans as of mid-July last year.

Nepal is home to three otter species—the Eurasian otter, the smooth-coated otter, and the Asian small-clawed otter—but these charismatic creatures are facing an uphill battle for survival. Habitat destruction, illegal fishing, pollution, and human encroachment are pushing these species to the brink. However, a new initiative led by WWF Nepal, funded by the UK government’s Darwin Initiative, is working to address these challenges by integrating otter conservation with community empowerment and sustainable livelihoods. While the project has shown promise, it also highlights the complex interplay between conservation efforts and the needs of local communities.

The Eurasian otter, locally known as the black otter, is increasingly threatened by habitat loss and degradation. The smooth-coated otter, listed as ‘Vulnerable’ on the IUCN Red List, is distinguished by its sleek fur and social behavior, while the Asian small-clawed otter, the smallest of the three, lives in large social groups and is particularly vulnerable to human disturbances. All three species depend on healthy freshwater ecosystems—clean, flowing rivers, sandy banks, and dense riparian forests—but these habitats are under severe pressure from illegal fishing, sand mining, deforestation, and pollution.

In response, WWF Nepal launched the Strengthening Communities’ Livelihood and Stewardship to Conserve Otters in Karnali project. The initiative aims to protect otter habitats while supporting the livelihoods of marginalized communities, such as the Sonaha and Tharu, who rely on the Karnali River for their survival. “The idea is to reduce pressure on river resources by providing communities with sustainable alternatives,” explains Aashish Kapali, Freshwater Program Associate at WWF Nepal. “If we can empower these communities to make sustainable decisions, it will benefit both people and wildlife.”

Otters depend on healthy freshwater ecosystems, including deep river channels, clean flowing water, sandy riverbanks, and dense riparian forests. However, these habitats are being degraded by illegal fishing, sand mining, deforestation, and pollution. Interestingly, Kapali, who has been working in the otter area for two years, has not seen a live otter. “It is a shy animal and is not seen frequently, so it faces more indirect threats than direct ones,” he says.

Six key otter habitat hotspots have been identified in Lumbini’s Bardiya (Tikuligadh, Rajipur, Tihuni, and Chhedia) and Sudurpaschim’s Kailali (Phanta and Nuklipur). The project focuses on four key areas: community-based river management, livelihood diversification, strengthening governance and law enforcement, and developing a national otter conservation plan.

Along the Karnali River, 15 Community River Stretch Management Groups (CRSMGs) have been established, comprising 375 members—68 percent of whom are women. These groups monitor river health, promote sustainable fishing practices, and collaborate with government agencies to enforce regulations. However, challenges remain.

Buddhi Singh Tharu, a 59-year-old member of a river monitoring group, points to the dumping site on the banks of the Karnali River in Tikapur Municipality, Kailali, as a major source of pollution. “Garbage leaks into the river, affecting otter habitats,” he says. He also highlights the disturbance caused by motorboats operated by Rajapur Municipality in Bardiya, which are marketed as a tourist attraction but disrupt otters, dolphins, and other wildlife.

Livelihood diversification is a cornerstone of the project. By providing training and resources, the initiative is helping communities transition from river-dependent livelihoods to sustainable enterprises. On-farm initiatives include training in vegetable farming, betel leaf cultivation, pig farming, and fish farming, while off-farm programs offer alternatives such as hospitality training, handicraft production, tailoring courses, and driving instruction.

Sudha Chaudhary, a 45-year-old farmer from Bardiya, is one of the beneficiaries. She now grows tomatoes and chilies on her 500-square-meter farm and has seen a significant improvement in her income. “Last season, I made a profit of around Rs 50,000,” she says. “Farming has become our primary source of income, and we no longer rely on the river.” 

Program Associate Kapali states that the project team assessed the intensity of fishing activities and the dependence of families on the river before selecting beneficiaries.

Photos: WWF Nepal

The project also aims to strengthen governance and law enforcement by enhancing the capacity of government agencies to regulate illegal fishing and the over-extraction of river resources. Additionally, a national otter conservation plan is being developed to ensure long-term protection for otters and other aquatic species. “We’ve drafted a Smooth-Coated Otter Conservation Action Plan based on insights from 158 participants across 13 sites in Nepal,” says Kapali. “The goal is to create a framework that balances conservation with community needs.”

Despite these efforts, the project faces significant challenges. Pollution, illegal fishing, and habitat degradation remain persistent threats, and the success of the initiative depends on the active participation of local communities. To raise awareness, the project introduced Sakhi, an otter mascot whose name means ‘friend’ in the Tharu language, and selected 45 ‘Otter Champions’ to lead conservation campaigns.

Arun Sonaha, a 27-year-old Otter Champion from Rajapur-1, has been actively sharing his knowledge about otter conservation with other young people. “Communities have adapted their livelihoods to support otter conservation,” he says. Saraswati Sonaha, a 21-year-old tailoring trainee, hopes to open her own shop once her training is complete. “My family depended on the river, but I want to start my own business,” she says. “Otters should be protected for future generations.”

Kapali explains that the project has provided sewing machines to all 15 trainees and will offer additional support if they decide to start their own businesses after the training. “However, we don’t provide 100 percent funding. If they invest a share themselves, they will feel a greater sense of ownership,” he says.

The project’s impact extends beyond individual success stories. Three local cooperatives—Deuthan Krishi Cooperative, Sharad Saana Kishan Cooperative, and Shree Bindeshwori Cooperative—have been strengthened, offering loans, training, and support to over 180 community members. Bhagawati Shah, chairperson of the Sharad Saana Kishan Cooperative, explains that the cooperative provides loans of up to Rs 40,000 at a six percent interest rate without collateral to eligible beneficiaries who present a business plan. “Around 100 people qualify for these loans, and so far, 23 individuals have already benefited,” she says. The cooperative also offers training in pig, fish, goat, and vegetable farming, as well as tailoring. “Our goal is to help people transition from river-dependent livelihoods to business ventures,” she adds.

In Tighra, Rajapur-3, Maiti Tharuni, 60, is engaged in handicraft production. She was one of 18 women who participated in a 15-day training program on grass-based handicrafts, which included a buy-back guarantee. She explains that crafting a handicraft item takes anywhere from 30 minutes to four days, depending on its size and design. “There is strong demand, and we frequently export our products to Kathmandu, but we haven’t been able to meet the growing orders,” she says. “We used to make handicrafts before, but with this training, we now work in a more professional, modern, and efficient way, incorporating new and diverse designs,” she adds.

While the project has made strides in empowering communities and protecting otter habitats, its long-term success will depend on sustained efforts and collaboration between stakeholders. The challenges are significant, but the initiative offers a glimpse of what’s possible when conservation and community development go hand in hand. As Kapali puts it, “The goal is to create a future where both people and wildlife can thrive.” For now, the story of Nepal’s otters is one of resilience and hope, a reminder that even in the face of daunting challenges, positive change is possible.