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Bangladesh’s decision to join the United Nations Water Convention on June 20 is a seminal turn of events given its struggle with transboundary water management, especially in the shared river systems with India. It became a 56th party and the first South Asian country to sign to the framework, and hopes to improve cooperation and fairness in water sharing, which is important to its water security, because it depends on 57 shared rivers, major among like the Ganges and Teesta River, but this decision comes with challenges such as the expiry of the 1996 Ganges Water-Sharing Treaty in 2026 and the pending resolution of the Teesta River dispute, in the midst of political instability domestically in Bangladesh.

The UN Water Convention, known officially as the Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes, was established in 1992 under the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE), and became open to global accession in 2016. It espouses ideals like fair use, do no significant harm, and sustainably manage, as well as requiring cooperation and monitoring regulations and dispute resolution.

This step is in line with Bangladesh’s requirement for an organized tool to control its water resources, since it is highly deltaic by topography and the majority of its river waters are derived from the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna (GBM) system.

The 1996 Ganges Water-Sharing Treaty, which is in effect until 2026, had been the keystone of India-Bangladesh water cooperation, dividing water at the Farakka Barrage to guarantee 35,000 cusecs during the lean season to Bangladesh, but opponents, including Bangladeshi water experts, say it does not come with such a minimum flow guarantee and does not take account of climate-induced variability. So, It’s time of the essence to renegotiate an accord that rivers the treaty, and the principles of the UN Water Convention could help steer a new, more flexible and equitable accord, which might take into account environmental flows and climate resilience.

The Teesta River dispute, which has simmered since an almost-agreement in 2011 was derailed by the political opposition in West Bengal, remains a flash point. The Teesta is crucial for Bangladesh’s north, providing water for farming and other occupations there, but Indian activities upstream and local priorities in the state of West Bengal make sharing difficult. The focus of the convention on the involvement of different stakeholders may also help to foster a discussion involving, for example sub-national governments and communities, as a way out of the impasse.

The convention also provides a legal and institutional structure that would work in Bangladesh’s favor in negotiations. The proposed mechanisms of joint monitoring and data sharing could mitigate hydrological information asymmetry and improve the performance of the Joint Rivers Commission (JRC), formed in 1972. According to UNECE, the JRC, although a leading body for water negotiations, is not provided with the necessary enforcement capacity, and the convention's modalities for dispute settlement may offer a model. Nevertheless, as India is not party to the 1997 UN Watercourses Convention or the 1992 UN Water Convention, the strength of direct enforcement is limited and Bangladesh must rely on diplomatic persuasion or international attention.

The convention has been gaining global acceptance, with recent accessions by African and Middle Eastern nations such as Chad, Senegal and Iraq, which illustrates its usefulness in promoting cooperation on shared waters, according to UNECE. Bangladesh is free to learn as to how to go about creating joint water commissions in Africa and they may be able to provide an example that could be inaugurated in South Asia with the participation of Nepal and Bhutan for instance.

Domestic Politics Bangladesh’s internal situation has had recent turmoil such as the removal of Sheikh Hasina’s government and the rule of the interim government under Muhammad Yunus as referred to in the user’s question, which could affect its ability to be a capable actor. An unstable political environment can result in ambivalence in foreign policy, thereby reducing its negotiation capability, facilitated with the diplomatic bargaining that is expected to accompany the renegotiation of contracts. Recent reports, including UNEP, call attention to Bangladesh’s cooperation with the UN over the environment, although political obstacles may impede action. West Bengal plays a significant role within India’s federal structure which adds another dimension since local politics often takes precedence over national interests and that further complicates Teesta talks.

Geopolitics are playing out as well with China’s commitment of a $1bn loan for Teesta management last year, as mentioned in the user query, also worrying India. It indicated a mounting trend of preferring to focus on national developmental needs and could push India to a harder line in negotiations over the Ganges treaty.

Bangladesh’s decision to accede to the UN Water Convention is a tactical step to improve transboundary water governance, providing tools for negotiation and cooperation. However, its ability to resolve the Ganges treaty expiration and Teesta dispute will hinge on the ability to overcome political instability, mobilize India, and use third party support. The principles of the convention could provide a spur towards progress, but the outcomes are not a given and will need the active involvement of both countries and the international community. As Bangladesh charts these waters, its regional leadership could in fact become a model for cooperation over water in the region, and lead not to upholding global norms, but rather to their outright adoption.

Our body cells need minerals in the form of crucial food to meet a medley of functions, from forging materials for our bones, muscles, heart, and brain to making enzymes and hormones and to other biologically active tasks such as maintaining the body's acid-base equilibrium, the body pH to neutral, nerve impulse transmission, and muscle contraction. 

The seven vital minerals, or macro-minerals, include calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, and sulfur. Other minerals, known as trace minerals (required in smaller quantities), also serve as backups, including iron, manganese, copper, iodine, zinc, cobalt, fluoride, and selenium. 

Among the seven vital macro-minerals, most people naturally meet their adequate daily potassium requirement through a variety of foods. Potassium is an electrolyte that helps regulate blood and fluid levels. It further supports the proper functioning of the kidneys, heart, muscles, and nervous system.

Potassium and sodium are like two sides of the same coin since they work hand in hand. Potassium plays a significant role in the body by helping to maintain normal fluid levels both within and outside cells. Furthermore, potassium helps muscles contract and regulates blood pressure to normal levels. 

The potassium level in your body can drop too low due to a low-potassium diet, immoderate alcohol drinking, and excessive use of laxatives, constipation, dehydration, excessive sweating, fatigue, persistent vomiting, diarrhea, adrenal gland disorders, medication like diuretics or water pills, and certain prescription medicines, including antibiotics. If the potassium level in the blood is low, the condition is called hypokalemia. 

The most common cause of hypokalemia is attributed to substantial potassium loss through urine owing to the use of prescription medication (generally for those who have high blood pressure or heart disease), such as diuretics or water pills, which induce an increase in urination. 

If the level of potassium in the blood drops too low, it can lead to several serious complications. These include cramps, numbness or tingling, diabetic ketoacidosis, chronic kidney disease, abnormal heart rhythms or arrhythmia, and in severe cases, muscle spasms, even paralysis, and possibly respiratory failure. These potential health risks underscore the importance of maintaining a balanced potassium level in your body. For instance, muscle cramps, especially in the legs, are a common symptom of hypokalemia. Numbness or tingling in the hands, feet, or other parts of the body can also indicate a potassium deficiency.

In cases of mild hypokalemia, people typically barely show symptoms. There is nothing to be alarmed about, though. The average blood potassium level should range from 3.6 to 5.2 millimoles per liter (mmol/L). A level below 3.6 mmol/L is considered low and may indicate hypokalemia. A simple blood test, recommended by your healthcare provider, can help determine your body's potassium level. Your doctor may also ask you to take a urine test to determine if you're losing potassium through your pee.

Hypokalemia, or dangerously low potassium levels, can affect your kidneys if left untreated. You may frequently have to visit the bathroom and more often feel thirsty. However, there are loads of potassium-rich foods that can work wonders in mild cases of hypokalemia. By incorporating these foods into your diet, you can take proactive steps to boost your potassium level and maintain your health. 

A recommended daily potassium intake for a healthy adult male is 3,400 mg, and 2,600 mg for females. This daily intake, when met consistently, can significantly contribute to maintaining a healthy potassium level in your body. By understanding and meeting this requirement, you can feel confident in your ability to manage your potassium intake and maintain your health.

If you’re committed to maintaining a balanced diet rich in potassium, the following foods can be your allies in this journey. The good news is that your body absorbs approximately 85 percent–90 percent of the potassium from your diet, allowing you to take control of your potassium intake and remedy any deficiency.

The recommended potassium-rich foods: 

• Fruits like dried apricots, raisins, prunes, oranges, bananas, avocados, and apples 
• Vegetables, such as squash, potatoes, spinach, tomatoes, kale, silver beet, acorn, broccoli, zucchini, eggplant, carrots, sweet potatoes, and pumpkin
• Lentils include kidney beans, soybeans, walnuts, peanuts, and almonds
• Dairy products like milk, yogurt, and cream
• Meat—chicken and fish

The following juices are high in potassium: passion fruit juice, carrot juice, pomegranate juice, orange juice, prune juice, tomato juice, and vegetable juice. Even tea and coffee contain potassium.

Potassium, a macromineral, is essential for maintaining good health. It plays a crucial role in safeguarding kidney health, cardiovascular health, bone and muscle health, normal cell functioning, proper muscle and nerve mobility, protein synthesis, and carbohydrate metabolism. For instance, it helps regulate blood pressure, supports muscle function, and aids in the transmission of nerve impulses. Maintaining a healthy potassium level is therefore vital for overall health and well-being.

Before you consider taking any potassium supplements, it's crucial to consult your doctor. Excessive potassium intake can lead to hyperkalemia, a condition where there's too much potassium in your body. Remember, 'Let food be thy medicine and medicine be thy food.' This oft-quoted phrase, spoken by the father of modern medicine, Hippocrates, the ancient Greek physician, around 400 BC, has never been more relevant. It serves as a reminder to be cautious and responsible when it comes to your health.

Disclaimer: The views expressed in the above text are solely research-based, not medical advice; the author solicits reader discretion and cross-references or consultations with a healthcare practitioner for further substantiation. 

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Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) plays a vital role in supporting economic growth for developing countries. For Nepal, which faces challenges such as limited domestic capital, infrastructure deficits and a narrow industrial base, FDI is particularly important. This essay outlines the significance of FDI in Nepal’s economic landscape, discusses the major obstacles Nepal faces in attracting foreign investment, presents relevant data trends and explores future opportunities along with policy suggestions to enhance Nepal’s economic progress through FDI.

Importance of FDI

Nepal’s economy is largely dependent on agriculture, which employs a majority of the population but contributes a smaller share to the GDP. The manufacturing and service sectors are still emerging, and domestic investment is insufficient to meet the country’s development needs. Consequently, foreign investment becomes a key source of capital infusion. FDI not only provides financial resources but also introduces modern technologies, expertise and access to international markets.

Through foreign investment, Nepal can improve productivity, diversify its economy and create jobs. Moreover, FDI helps alleviate foreign currency shortages by increasing exports and generating revenues, which are critical for sustaining economic growth. Hydropower, tourism, telecommunications, manufacturing and financial services are among the sectors receiving the most attention from foreign investors.

FDI trends: An overview 

FDI inflows into Nepal have remained relatively modest but stable in recent years. According to official data from Nepal Rastra Bank, FDI inflows hovered around $170m in 2018-19 and increased slightly to $182m in 2019-20. The pandemic caused a drop in 2020-21, with inflows declining to about $145m. Recovery signs appeared in 2021-22, with $160m, and early estimates for 2022-23 indicate a further rise to nearly $175m.

Cumulatively, the stock of foreign direct investment in Nepal is estimated between $1.2bn and $1.5bn. When compared to regional neighbors like India, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka, Nepal’s ratio of FDI to GDP is relatively low at around 0.44 percent, highlighting ample scope for improvement.

Hydropower projects dominate FDI inflows, making up approximately 40-45 percent due to Nepal’s large but underutilized potential in electricity generation. Telecommunications is the next largest sector, accounting for about 20 percent of FDI. Other sectors like manufacturing, tourism and banking attract smaller but significant shares, contributing to gradual economic diversification.

Challenges hindering FDI growth

Nepal faces several structural and institutional challenges that restrict its ability to attract and effectively utilize FDI:

• Political uncertainty: Frequent changes in government and inconsistent policies discourage long-term investments. Investors generally prefer stable environments where regulations are predictable and enforced.
• Inadequate infra: Poor road conditions, unreliable electricity supply and inadequate logistics infrastructure increase the operational costs for investors, reducing Nepal’s competitiveness compared to neighboring countries.
• Complex bureaucracy and regulatory barriers: Lengthy approval processes, lack of transparency and corruption add to the cost and time needed to establish and operate foreign businesses.
• Land acquisition and social resistance: Unclear land titles and local opposition often lead to project delays or cancellations, increasing uncertainty and risks for investors.
• Small domestic market: Nepal’s limited population size and low purchasing power restrict the market for products and services, compelling foreign firms to focus on exports, which face their own logistical hurdles.
• External shocks: Global events like the Covid-19 pandemic have disrupted global supply chains and dampened investor confidence, impacting FDI inflows.

Opportunities for boosting FDI

Despite the difficulties, Nepal has unique advantages and opportunities that can help attract more foreign investment:

• Hydropower development: Hydropower offers one of the most promising sectors for long-term foreign investment, both to meet domestic needs and to export electricity regionally.
• Tourism sector: Nepal’s diverse landscapes, cultural heritage and adventure tourism attract visitors worldwide. Investment in tourism infrastructure can stimulate FDI and create employment opportunities.
• Strategic location: Nepal’s position between India and China presents a potential hub for regional trade and manufacturing, especially if transport and border infrastructure are improved.
• Government reforms: Legislative measures like the Foreign Investment and Technology Transfer Act and the establishment of Special Economic Zones (SEZs) offer tax incentives and easier investment procedures.
• Public-private partnerships: PPP arrangements can mobilize foreign capital and expertise for infrastructure and social sector projects, sharing risks and benefits.

Maximizing benefits

To harness the full potential of FDI, Nepal should prioritize the following policy actions:

• Political and economic stability: Establishing a stable, transparent policy framework supported by all political parties is essential to build investor confidence.
• Investment in infra: Upgrading transport, power, digital connectivity and logistics infrastructure will reduce costs and improve Nepal’s attractiveness.
• Regulatory simplification: Streamlining administrative procedures through digital platforms, one-stop service centers and anti-corruption measures will ease the investment process.
• Land acquisition and community engagement: Developing clear and fair land policies and actively involving local communities will reduce conflicts and delays.
• Human capital development: Enhancing vocational education and training to match investor needs will improve labor productivity and attract higher-value investments.
• Sustainable investment practices: Aligning FDI with environmental protection and social inclusion will ensure long-term development benefits and community support.

In summary, FDI represents a vital source of capital, technology and innovation for Nepal’s economic development. While political instability, infrastructure gaps, regulatory hurdles and social challenges have limited Nepal’s ability to attract and fully utilize FDI, the country’s abundant natural resources and strategic location offer significant opportunities. By adopting consistent policies, investing in infrastructure, simplifying regulations and addressing social concerns, Nepal can create a conducive environment that encourages foreign investment. Such efforts will be critical to leveraging FDI as a driver of sustainable and inclusive growth, improving livelihoods and transforming Nepal’s economy over the coming decades.

Heavy rains in the evenings and intense heat in the daytime are exacerbating the risk of dengue, malaria and other vector-borne diseases across the country.

With more rainfall predicted this monsoon compared to preceding seasons, health authorities are urging the public to take preventive measures to avoid potential outbreaks.

Data from the World Health Organization show that dengue—an illness transmitted through the bite of the Aedes aegypti mosquito infected with dengue virus (DENV)—afflicts 100m-400m people around the world every year.

According to government statistics, Nepal saw one of its worst dengue outbreaks in history, with 52,557 confirmed cases and 60 deaths, in 2022. While the numbers dropped in 2024, the Epidemiology and Disease Control Division (EDCD) reported 34,385 cases and 13 deaths, affecting 76 districts across the country. 

Aware of a serious threat to public health arising from the vector-borne disease, the government has already implemented a regular surveillance and monitoring system through an early warning and reporting mechanism.

At the same time, it has strengthened integrated vector management strategies for mosquito surveillance with the objective of controlling vectors that transmit diseases like malaria, dengue and zika. These strategies combine various control methods, including biological, chemical, environmental and public health education, to optimize resource use and achieve sustainable vector control.

The EDCD has projected that more than 60,000 people could contract dengue across the country this year, and prepared an action plan to mitigate possible outbreaks.

The EDCD’s estimate is based on past trends, climatic conditions and the early onset of cases this year. The division is currently coordinating with local governments and health institutions to strengthen surveillance, awareness campaigns and vector control measures.

Authorities are urging the public to remain vigilant and take preventive measures, such as eliminating mosquito breeding sites and using protective clothing as well as repellents.

Minister for Health and Population Pradip Paudel has recommended halting construction works for four months—from July to October—to control dengue and save lives. 

Minister Paudel also emphasized the importance of a cleanliness campaign to eliminate mosquito breeding grounds and asked all to join it. He stated that raising awareness is key to preventing the spread of dengue. “It is essential to inform the public and work together,” he said. Minister Paudel urged everyone to keep their surroundings free of dengue larvae to protect themselves and others. He also asked citizens to take part in regular sanitation efforts every Friday, from July to October.

Dr Anup Subedee, an infectious disease specialist, emphasized the importance of raising awareness to prevent the spread of dengue. “While awareness programs are going on, the government, local authorities and communities must work together to make them effective,” he said: In particular, the government must remain vigilant, as we expect a rise in dengue cases this season.

Dr Subedee warned that the current period is a transitional phase, with changing weather and noticeable climate shifts. “The peak season for the spread of dengue has not arrived yet. When it arrives, we fear that more people will suffer—possibly for a prolonged period because of the climatic shift,” he added.

Using bed nets, applying mosquito repellent creams for short-term protection, keeping the surroundings clean and removing stagnant water are some of the effective ways to reduce the risk of dengue and other mosquito-borne diseases.

Dr Subedee noted that dengue can come with a variety of symptoms. “Not all cases require hospital visits. For minor symptoms like headaches and body aches, people don’t need to visit hospitals. They can take care of their health at home by taking paracetamol and staying well-hydrated with fluids such as pulses, soup, juice and other liquids,” he said.

Dr Subedee added, “Some cases require medical attention. If someone experiences persistent fever and severe body pain for more than 3-4 days, they should visit a hospital as soon as possible and consult a doctor. In more serious cases, dengue can affect internal organs such as the lungs and pancreas.”

Though rare, severe dengue can lead to serious complications such as acute pancreatitis and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), affecting the pancreas and lungs. These conditions may result from direct viral damage, immune responses or plasma leakage. Symptoms like abdominal pain and fever can delay diagnosis, and even if fever subsides, dengue should still be suspected in patients showing other symptoms associated with the disease. In severe cases, especially dengue hemorrhagic fever, organ damage and respiratory failure may occur, emphasizing the need for early recognition and medical attention.

Dengue rapid test kits available at government health institutions can help with timely diagnosis that is so crucial in saving lives. Furthermore, the EDCD has approved and published a comprehensive dengue prevention and control action plan on the occasion of World Neglected Tropical Diseases Day 2025.

With the rise of dengue patients in the hospital, labs and most hospitals take this as an opportunity to take benefit from the citizens. Addressing the issue, Minister Paudel stated, “We will try to make dengue testing free and if that’s not possible, we will set a fixed rate. He warned against fleecing the poor and suffering people in the name of testing.

Minister Paudel admitted that the government needs to do more on the dengue control front, adding that it is preparing to collaborate with the media for disseminating relevant information among the public.