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Nepal, a landlocked country situated between India and China, faces unique challenges due to its geographical location and rugged topography. The nation’s landscape is characterized by three distinct regions: the high Himalayan Mountains in the north, the mid-hill regions and the southern plains (Tarai). These diverse terrains pose significant logistical challenges for domestic distribution and access to international markets. With over 80 percent of its population residing in rural areas and dependent on agriculture, Nepal’s economic growth hinges on improving infrastructure to facilitate connectivity, trade and development. 

Despite these challenges, Nepal’s strategic position as a bridge between two of the world’s largest economies offers immense potential for growth. To harness this potential, public-private partnerships (PPPs) are critical in addressing infrastructure gaps and enhancing the logistics sector. 

Below are actionable policy guidelines for establishing an effective PPP framework:

Institutional framework 

A dedicated PPP unit: The government must set up a dedicated PPP unit or agency to oversee project implementation, provide technical support and standardize logistical practices for logistics service providers. This unit will coordinate provincial and national transport initiatives to ensure harmonization and efficiency. 

Legal and regulatory environment: Introducing PPP-specific legislation is essential to define clear frameworks for contract enforcement, risk-sharing and dispute resolution. These laws will provide confidence to private investors and international donors. 

Decentralization: An empowering provincial government is key to managing localized PPP projects. Each province should focus on developing infrastructure tailored to its production centers, whether for manufacturing or agriculture. This includes establishing and investing in transport hubs, warehouses, and equipment suited to the geographical terrain, such as all-weather roads and specialized vehicles for mountain regions.

Project selection and prioritization 

Feasibility studies: Conducting rigorous feasibility studies is vital to prioritize infrastructure projects such as roads, railways, airports and multimodal connectivity. The studies should consider environmental, technical and financial aspects to ensure sustainability. Key projects should include centralized logistics hubs in major cities like Kathmandu, Birgunj, Biratnagar, Kakarvitta and Bhairahawa, with efficient links to border points for customs and warehousing. 

Alignment with national goals: PPP projects should align with national plans, such as Nepal’s five-year plans, focusing on reducing isolation of remote areas, improving trade and promoting economic growth through efficient distribution of goods and services.

Risk allocation and management 

Risk-sharing mechanisms: Clear guidelines for risk-sharing between public and private sectors are crucial, particularly given Nepal’s susceptibility to natural disasters like landslides, floods and earthquakes. 

Utilization of resources: The government should leverage public land for long-term leases and offer financial guarantees for projects that may not be immediately profitable but have high social and economic value. Blended financing models combining public, private and donor investments can provide the necessary funding and technical assistance. 

Capacity-building: Investing in capacity-building is crucial for both government officials and local communities. Train government personnel in PPP project design, negotiation and management. Provide employment and training opportunities to local populations to ensure inclusivity and skill development. Engage communities, NGOs, and private sector stakeholders in decision-making to foster trust and collaboration.

Technology and innovation 

Renewable energy solutions: Focus on small-scale hydro, solar and wind energy projects to power remote areas and reduce dependency on non-renewable resources. 

ICT and digital connectivity: Develop digital solutions to bridge connectivity gaps, such as internet access and e-commerce platforms for rural communities. 

Resilient engineering: Adopt innovative engineering solutions such as modular bridge systems and climate-resilient road designs to overcome geographic and climatic challenges.

Environmental and social sustainability

Environmental safeguards: Ensure regular environmental impact assessments (EIAs) to mitigate risks to the ecosystem during infrastructure development. 

Community benefits: Design projects to deliver tangible benefits, such as improved market access, healthcare and education for remote populations. 

Green logistics: Promote eco-friendly technologies like electric trucks, solar-powered warehouses and sustainable building materials.

Digital platforms

Develop a central digital platform for data collection, goods tracking and information sharing among stakeholders. Enable real-time updates on traffic, warehouse capacities and customs clearance to improve efficiency. Introduce e-payment systems for tolls, customs and other fees to reduce inefficiencies.

Cross-border trade facilitation

Given Nepal’s dependency on its transit neighbors, harmonizing customs procedures with India and China is critical. Collaborate on reducing delays at border points, such as Birgunj-Raxaul in the south and the Rasuwagadhi-Kerung crossing in the north.

Monitoring and evaluation

Transparent and robust monitoring mechanisms are essential for PPP success. Define key performance indicators such as reduced transport costs, increased trade volumes and time savings. Engage independent bodies for audits and evaluations. Ensure transparency through public disclosure of contracts, progress reports and financial data.

Conclusion

Nepal’s landlocked status and challenging terrain may appear to hinder its development prospects, but they also offer opportunities for innovation and collaboration. Developing a well-structured PPP framework can bridge infrastructure gaps, enhance logistics and connect Nepal’s remote regions with domestic and international markets. 

By implementing these policy guidelines, Nepal can unlock its potential as a trade hub, fostering sustainable economic growth and improving the quality of life for its citizens.

Growing up in Nepal, rainy days or chilly winter evenings often brought a sense of togetherness in our home. On those special days, when my mother had some free time and all the family members were at home, she would prepare ‘phuraula’—a traditional Nepali fritter made from coarsely ground black lentils. 

We would sit around, eating phuraula straight from the kitchen, paired with steaming cups of milk tea infused with ginger and cardamom. The warm, crispy fritters and the spicy, aromatic tea were the perfect companions for those cozy moments, filling both our stomachs and our hearts.

The nostalgia of those times often takes me back to my plate, piled high with phuraula, and the joy of eating together as a family. While this recipe isn’t exactly the same as my mother’s, it’s my humble attempt to recreate the flavors and memories of those days.

Phuraula is not just a snack. It carries deep cultural and spiritual significance, particularly among the Brahmin community in Nepal. It’s often prepared during rituals and celebrations, especially on ‘shraddha’—a day of honoring and praying for one’s ancestors. On such occasions, the dish is made without garlic or onion to keep it pure and in line with traditional dietary restrictions. 

However, on regular days, my mother would add garlic and onion to enhance the flavor. Ginger was her favorite spice, and our family’s version of phuraula always had a generous amount of it, making it the perfect comfort food on cold days.

But beyond its nostalgic and cultural importance, phuraula is also a dish with significant nutritional value. Lentils, particularly black lentils (kalo dal or kalo urad dal), are a powerhouse of nutrients. They are high in protein, rich in dietary fiber, and naturally gluten-free, making them a fantastic ingredient for healthy eating. Phuraula combines the goodness of these lentils with spices like ginger, which is known for its anti-inflammatory properties, and cumin, which aids digestion. This not only makes phuraula a delicious snack but also a healthful one.

Phuraula recipe 

Ingredients

• 200 g black lentils (kalo dal) or black gram (kalo urad dal)
• 1 tbsp ginger, finely grated (optional but recommended for a warming flavor)
• 2 green chilies, finely chopped
• 1/2 tsp cumin seeds
• 1/4 tsp turmeric powder (optional)
• 10 g coriander leaves, finely chopped
• 5 g salt (or to taste)
• Mustard oil or regular oil for frying

Optional (for regular family days)

• 1 small onion, finely chopped
• 2-3 garlic cloves, minced

Instructions

• Wash the black lentils thoroughly and soak them in water for six to eight hours or overnight. Drain the lentils and grind them coarsely using a mortar and pestle or a food processor. Avoid adding water to retain the texture.
• Transfer the ground lentils to a bowl. Mix in ginger, green chilies, cumin seeds, turmeric powder (if using), coriander leaves, and salt. For family versions, add the chopped onion and garlic.
• Heat mustard oil in a deep frying pan over medium heat.
• Take small portions of the mixture, shape them into rough balls or drop spoonfuls into the hot oil.
• Fry until the fritters turn golden brown and crispy, turning occasionally for even cooking.
• Remove the phuraula with a slotted spoon, drain on paper towels, and serve hot.

Serving suggestions

Enjoy phuraula with a hot cup of ginger and cardamom milk tea (tato tato chiya) or pair it with homemade achar or gundruk ko jhol for a more traditional touch.

Health benefits of black lentils

Black lentils (kalo dal or urad dal) are a nutrient-dense food with a range of health benefits. Black lentils are an excellent plant-based protein source, making them ideal for vegetarians and vegans.The fiber content aids digestion, promotes gut health, and helps regulate blood sugar levels. Naturally gluten-free, phuraula is a safe snack option for those with gluten intolerance or celiac disease.

Black lentils contain iron, potassium, and magnesium, which support overall health, including better oxygen flow, heart health, and strong bones. The antioxidants in lentils, combined with the anti-inflammatory properties of ginger, make this dish especially beneficial for cold weather and rainy days.

Phuraula’s simplicity and versatility make it a great candidate for modern snacks or even as an all-day dining option. Imagine having bite-sized phuraula poppers served as a side dish in cafes or as a complement to chai in tea stalls. Its portability and gluten-free nature make it an ideal snack to enjoy on the go, while the crispy texture and hearty flavor pair beautifully with various chutneys or dips.

Why not reintroduce phuraula in a contemporary way? Here are some ideas:

Phuraula sliders: Use phuraula patties in place of burger patties for a Nepali-inspired slider.

Tea-time platter: Serve phuraula as part of a platter with assorted chutneys like timur ko achar or tomato chutney.

Moveable snack packs: Package bite-sized phuraula pieces with a small container of dipping sauce for a convenient, on-the-go snack.

Phuraula wraps: Wrap crispy phuraula fritters in roti with fresh salad and a tangy yogurt sauce for a fusion meal.

All-day snack: Position phuraula as a healthier alternative to processed snacks, appealing to both traditional and modern palates.

Phuraula is a piece of Nepal’s culinary history. It reminds us of the beauty of simple, hearty meals made with love and shared with family. In a world where fast food and modern dishes dominate, let’s not forget these traditional gems that carry stories, culture, and nostalgia.

The author is London-based R&D chef

As Donald Trump prepares for his second, non-consecutive term as President of the United States, there is significant attention on how his administration’s policies will impact immigrants, Nepali Americans and the broader US-Nepal relationship. 

In this changing landscape, initiatives like the United Nepali Political Action Committee (UNPAC), AMN-USA Media and Healing Together are stepping forward to address critical needs and provide resources to underserved communities. 

So, what lies ahead for immigrants? The Trump administration’s approach to immigration has historically been restrictive, and similar policies are expected in his second term: 

Work visas and family immigration: Stricter policies on H-1B visas and family-based immigration pathways could significantly impact Nepali professionals and families. 

Refugee and asylum policies: Reduced refugee quotas may hinder opportunities for Nepali and Southeast Asian refugees seeking resettlement. 

Support for undocumented immigrants: Programs like DACA remain at risk, leaving undocumented Nepali students and workers in uncertain situations. 

Organizations like UNPAC, a non-partisan platform advocating for the Nepali diaspora, are critical in ensuring that these voices are represented in national policy-making. 

Impact on Nepali Americans: The Nepali American community is resilient, but the challenges ahead will require focused efforts in key areas: 

Representation and awareness: The newly-launched AMN-USA Media is working to connect and empower the Nepali diaspora through news, entertainment and cultural programming. By amplifying their stories and addressing their concerns, AMN-USA seeks to foster a united and informed community. 

Mental health and community services: Healing Together, an initiative founded by a disabled veteran and a Nepali American professional, provides mental health and emotional well-being services tailored to Nepali speakers and Southeast Asian communities. 

This initiative is especially critical for immigrants facing cultural transitions, trauma and stress. Healing Together aims to bridge the gap in culturally appropriate mental health services and create a safe space for those in need. 

Civic engagement: Nepali Americans are becoming increasingly involved in US politics, and through platforms like UNPAC, they can continue advocating for equitable policies that address immigration, education and economic opportunities. 

Nepal and the United States have enjoyed a strong relationship centered on economic aid, education, and cultural exchange. Under Trump’s leadership, the bilateral relationship could evolve in several ways: 

Strategic positioning: Nepal’s location between India and China makes it a valuable partner in the US’ Indo-Pacific strategy. Programs like the Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) Compact may see renewed focus. 

Trade and investment: Nepal could benefit from increased trade opportunities, especially in tourism and export industries, provided it navigates geopolitical challenges effectively. 

Community support abroad: US immigration policies will impact Nepalese citizens seeking education, employment or settlement. Efforts like Healing Together will play a crucial role in supporting Nepali immigrants, addressing their mental health needs and helping them integrate into US society. 

Cultural exchange and collaboration: Platforms like AMN-USA Media can strengthen cultural ties between the US and Nepal, fostering greater understanding and cooperation. 

Conclusion 

Donald Trump’s second term brings both challenges and opportunities for immigrants, Nepali Americans and Nepal. While restrictive immigration policies may pose difficulties, initiatives like UNPAC, AMN-USA Media and Healing Together provide hope, resources and a sense of unity for the community. 

Nepali Americans have the tools to rise above these challenges by engaging civically, advocating for equitable policies and supporting one another. For Nepal, this is a critical moment to strengthen ties with the US in areas like trade, mental health and strategic partnerships. Together, these efforts can create a brighter future for the Nepali diaspora and the relationship between the two nations.

In 1980, Ramhari Lamichhane was one of four students out of 16 to pass the School Leaving Certificate (SLC) examination from Shwachchanda Bhairab Secondary School in Makawanpur. “I rushed to Kathmandu on foot from Chitlang as soon as I heard the SLC results were out,” he recalls, sipping coffee on a chilly Kathmandu afternoon. “It was about a two-hour run, and when I saw my symbol number in Gorkhapatra, it confirmed that I had passed. It was a milestone for our village. We were the first batch of SLC graduates, and the villagers welcomed us with musical instruments and fanfare at Chandragiri.”

This young man would later become the member secretary of the Council for Technical Education and Vocational Training (CTEVT) and the first and only Nepali to hold the position of director general at the Colombo Plan Staff College (CPSC).

However, Lamichhane’s career path was anything but linear. After SLC, he faced uncertainty. “I didn’t know what to do next. I thought about becoming an overseer engineer after observing a few in action. But my friends advised me to study law because of my strong speaking skills,” he says. However, practicality won and he pursued commerce, which offered better job prospects while continuing studies—a crucial factor given his family’s financial struggles.

Although he completed his course and worked at a hotel alongside his studies, this was not the path he would ultimately follow in the long run.

 “I worked various jobs, including teaching in my village and running my own construction company,” he says. But a stint as a contractor in Hetauda left him disheartened. The workers at his site asked for Rs 150 for the Maghe Sankranti festival, and he couldn’t provide it. “That made me realize I had failed to provide for my own staff. The construction sector then, like now, suffered from mismanagement,” he says. “Contractors would often spend the money they received from clients on other things, leaving nothing for proper construction work or to pay their workers.”

Determined to continue his education, Lamichhane moved to Kathmandu in 1987, completing a Bachelor’s in Commerce and later earning an MBA in 1990.

During this time, he gained valuable experience through various roles. He worked on a USAID project and later passed the job exam for the Agricultural Development Bank, where he worked briefly. However, he continued exploring options to find the best fit for himself. He successfully cleared officer-level job exams for Sajha, CTEVT, and Rastriya Banijya Bank—all three at the same time. Ultimately, he chose to join CTEVT and was posted as a finance officer at Jiri Technical School in 1989. At this point, his career began to take shape. “I kept seeking new roles throughout my life to discover where I fit best,” he says.

At the technical school, teachers often traveled abroad for training, but those in the administrative department had no such opportunities. This disparity made Lamichhane realize the importance of being in the technical department. He decided to shift his focus from administration to the technical side. Around the same time, in 1995, an opportunity arose to pursue an Advanced Diploma in Hospitality Management in Australia. Administrative staff from CTEVT were eligible to apply, and completing the course would allow them to transition to the technical department. 

“This was the first time in CTEVT’s history that administrative staff could transition to the technical side,” he says. “I was instrumental in lobbying for this change because there were already enough human resources in administration, but there was a shortage in the technical sector. I advocated for capacity development within the CTEVT staff to bridge this gap.”

Lamichhane’s professional teaching journey began at this point. He taught in Lete, Dhaulagiri, and Pokhara, where he eventually became a school principal. His role in Pokhara involved establishing a technical school from the ground up.

In 2000, Lamichhane earned both PhD and MPhil in Educational Leadership from Kathmandu University. Additionally, in 2010, he went to America for a degree in Educational Administration, Planning, and Policy from Vanderbilt University. “Promotions in the technical field happen relatively quickly, and by 2010, I had already become a first-class officer,” he says.

In 2013, the government invited applications for the CTEVT member secretary position through open competition for the first time. Applicants were required to present business plans, a departure from the previous practice of discretionary appointments. Despite being the junior-most candidate among 17 applicants, Lamichhane’s business plan secured him the role.

During his tenure, he spearheaded the development of Nepal’s National Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) Policy and implemented numerous TVET programs. With over three decades in the sector, Lamichhane served as an instructor, principal, program coordinator, project manager, and director. 

As his tenure as member secretary of CTEVT was coming to an end, Lamichhane applied for the position of Director General at the Colombo Plan Staff College. “My friends said it was almost impossible to get the job, but I was selected, becoming the first and only Nepali to hold the position,” he says.

“Skilled human resources are an asset to a country, but Nepal lacks it,” he says. “Various trainings are organized in different sectors, but they are just training for the sake of training, with no proper plan.” After many years of working in this sector, he believes that Nepalis lack patience. “They don’t set goals when coming to training, and there are issues with the providers as well. Our teachers and trainers are also not TVET-oriented,” he adds.

“A skilled person could become an entrepreneur, but those without skills will remain at the bottom,” he explains. “In a country like Nepal, where 93 percent of the economy is informal, if you have skills, you can easily create small and micro-enterprises.” Lamichhane emphasizes that technical and vocational education is crucial because it helps drive economic growth. “For example, last year in Dolakha, the price of kiwi fruit was Rs 270 per kg, and a farmer cultivated kiwi on 200 ropanis of land. This year, the price dropped to Rs 70 per kg. However, if you are skilled, there’s no need to panic. The farmer could make jam, jelly, candy, or wine out of it,” he says.

The government has prioritized technical and vocational education, but it’s limited to policy documents. It has stated that 70 percent of students will receive technical education, but there is no clarity on what kind of technical education this entails. “When I was in Jiri, we used to go door-to-door to scout students by observing their potential. These days, such practices don’t exist,” says Lamichhane. 

About a decade ago, there were around 800 institutions affiliated with CTEVT, but today, that number has grown to approximately 1,700. However, Lamichhane points out a concerning trend: When there were 800 institutions, 56,000 students were enrolled in technical education, but now, despite the increase in institutions, there are only 38,000 students. 

Lamichhane identifies another issue: the transitional period under the federal system and the lack of coordination between federal and provincial levels. “Now, provinces have established parallel institutions similar to the federally-owned CTEVT, but the federal government has not dissolved its own structures, creating a conflict,” he says. “There are seven different curricula related to TVET which is a problem as this doesn’t create uniformity.” Additionally, he highlights that people with no expertise in technical education are leading these institutions, further compounding the challenges.

“We still have a demographic dividend for about another five years, but after that, there will be no youths left in the country,” he says, emphasizing the urgency for stakeholders to improve the technical sector to prevent youth migration abroad. “The government should pursue mergers and focus on quality rather than quantity.”

Lamichhane advises students who pass the Secondary Education Examination (SEE) to set career goals without rushing. “Setting an interest-based occupational goal is essential for youths,” he says. Occupational culture is another major aspect. “In Nepal, technical work is often undervalued, despite its importance, but Nepal should adopt an occupational culture similar to European countries,” he says. “This includes establishing proper attire, safety measures, and standards to create an environment where, for instance, a plumber can earn enough money and can commute to work in a car, looking neat and tidy.”